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Neuro Block 3-RG > Vision > Flashcards

Vision Flashcards

1
Q

In what layer of the eye are the photreceptors located?

A

retina

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2
Q

What are the three layers of the uvea?

A

chroid
ciliary body
iris

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3
Q

What layer is continuous with the cornea?

A

sclera

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4
Q

Where to the extraoccular muscles insert?

A

sclera

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5
Q

These two muscles open the eye

A

levator palpibae

superior tarsal

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6
Q

This muscle closes the eye

A

orbicularis occuli

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7
Q

What is so special about the superior tarsal?

A

sm. muscle
NE –> alpha-1 receptors
sympathetic innervation

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8
Q

Which neurotransmitter do the orbicularis occuli and levator palpebrae muscles use?

A

ACh –> nAChR

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9
Q

Which neurotransmitter mediates the pattern generator for coordination of blinking?

A

dopamine

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10
Q

What is the corneal reflex?

A

closing of eyes to nociceptive pain

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11
Q

What is the optic reflex?

A

closing of eyes to bright light or rapidly approaching object

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12
Q

What are the 3 components of tears?

A

aqueous from lacrimal
lipid from lids
mucous from conjunctiva

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13
Q

What type of epithelium is found on the lens?

A

cuboidal

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14
Q

Refraction in cornea and lens: how are they different?

A

cornea: static, more powerful
lens: dynamic, less powerful

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15
Q

Emmetropic

A

eye that is refracting light normally

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16
Q

Optic axis

A

through geometric center, sharpest focus

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17
Q

Visual axis/fovea centralis

A

best color vision

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18
Q

Convergence

A

coordinated movement of eyes inward

19
Q

Edinger-Westphal nucleus

A

cell bodies of preganglionic parasympathetic to ciliary muscle

20
Q

Ciliary ganglion

A

cell bodies of postganglionic parasympathetic to ciliary muscle

21
Q

Hyperopia

A

far-sighted

22
Q

Myopia

A

near-sighted

23
Q

Hyperopia: convex or concave

A

convex

24
Q

Myopia: convex or concave

A

concave

25
Q

What is a cataract?

A

decreased lens opacity

26
Q

Pupillary sphincter

A

surrounds lens

27
Q

Pupillary dialator

A

radiates from pupillary spincter

28
Q

Where does sympathetic innervation to pupillary dialator come from?

A

superior cervical ganglion (NE)

29
Q

Where does parasympathetic innervation to pupillary sphincter come from?

A

ciliar ganglion (ACh)

30
Q

What produces aqueous humor?

A

ciliary body

31
Q

Where is aqueous humor produced?

A

posterior chamber

32
Q

What is the way out for aqueous humor

A

canal of Schlemm

33
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect intraocular pressure?

A

epinephrine stimulates beta-2 receptors, increases [cAMP] and increases inflow

norepinephrine stimulates alpha-2 receptors, decreases [cAMP] and decreases flow

34
Q

How does bicarbonate generation affect intraocular pressure?

A

increased Cl- secretion, osmosis, and intraoccular pressure

35
Q

What is primary outflow are for aqueous humor?

A

canal of Schlemm

36
Q

What is uveoscleral outflow?

A

reabsorption of aqueous humor through ciliary muscle

37
Q

What is the pathophys of glaucoma?

A

increased intraoccular pressure

38
Q

What are the two types of glaucoma and the differences between them?

A

open angle: not dangerous

closed angle: medical emergency

39
Q

Fovea centralis

A

90% of cones in retina

40
Q

Three cone colors

A

blue, green, red

41
Q

4 steps in visual transduction

A
  1. pigment activation
  2. G-protein activation
  3. phosphodiesterase activation
  4. closing is cGMP dependent
42
Q

Spacial acuity

A

distinguish 2 points: eye chart

43
Q

Temporal acuity

A

normally 50 Hz

44
Q

Spectral acuity

A

2 colors as different

Neuro Block 3-RG (23 decks)

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