Ophthalmology Clinical Correlation Flashcards
What are the Big 3?
cataracts
glaucoma
macular degeneration
What is a cataract?
opacity of normally clear LENS
What prompts cataract removal?
severity of visual loss
need to see back of eye
What are the 2 types of macular degeneration?
dry (atrophic)
wet (neovascular/exudative)
Macular degeneration causes what type of visual defect?
decreased central vision
What builds up in Dry type macular degeneration?
drusen
AREDS meds
Age Related Eye Disease Study recommended medications
What are the AREDS?
antioxidancts + zinc
Wet-type macular degeneration can cause what major problem?
hemorrhage, bleeding, and subsequent scarring
Tx of wet macular degeneration?
anti-VEGF medications
VEGF
vascular endothelial growth factor
2 types of glaucoma
open-angle (progressive)
closed-angle (acute)
What is the primary pathological entity in open-angle glaucoma?
trabecular network
What is the primary pathological entity in closed-angle glaucoma?
iris occluding trabecular network/Schlemm’s canal
Larger optic cup may be observed in which condition?
open angle glaucoma
Physical finding of acute closed angle glaucoma?
hard eye
pressure > 40 mmHg
Pain in closed-angle glaucoma?
severe
Tx of closed angle glaucoma
pilocarpine (ACh agonist)
acetazolamide (CA inhibitor)
globe massage
2 types of diabetic retinopathy
non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR)
proliferative diabetic retinopathy
What is big problem in diabetic retinopathy?
VEGF production and neovascularization/bleeding
What is the difference between dry and wet diabetic retinopathy?
dry: no active bleeding
wet: active vitreous hemorrhage
Tx of wet diabetic retinopathy
panretinal photocoagulation 1000-1500 spots
stops cells secreting VEGF
saves macular cells
Diabetes referals
II: right away
I: 5 yr post diagnosis
Silver wiring in which pathology
hypertensive retinopathy
Amaurosis fugax
temporal artery insufficiency
Retinal cholesterol emobli
bad
Ophthalmic migraine
treat migraine
Retinal detachment
may be asymptomatic until includes or occludes fovea
What causes a cherry red spot on the macula?
central retinal artery occlusion
may also be partial
What causes a “squashed tomato” appearance of the retina?
central retinal vein occlusion
Temporal arteritis STAT tests
CRP and ESR
Cerebrovascular accident
occipital cortex
bilateral hemianopsia
Do not give this to patients with corneal abrasion
topical anesthetic
Hyphema
bleeding into anterior chamber of eye
Subconjunctival hemorrhage
laboring women
leave it alone
Chemical irritants
mild: many
moderate: acidic
severe: alkaline (flush 1+ hr. with saline)