Vision

Question 1

What are some common causes of ptosis?

Answer 1

Common causes: stroke,brain tumor, or cancer of the nerves or muscles, myasthenia gravis

Question 2

What is the cause of stye?

Answer 2

caused by a bacterialinfectionof clogged sebaceous gland associated with hair follicle on the eyelid

Question 3

What is the appearance of the conjunctiva and sclera in an individual with chronic anemia? What is the reasoning for this characteristic appearance?

Answer 3

conjunctivamay appear palebecause the amount of hemoglobin circulating in dermal and subconjunctival vessels is reduced

Question 4

Describe the conjunctiva and sclera when one has jaundice. What is the appearance in the eye caused by?

Answer 4

It is theconjunctiva, not thesclera, that takes on the characteristic yellow hue when plasmabilirubinlevels rise

Question 5

Conjunctiva

Answer 5

thin membrane lining the inside of your eyelids (both upper and lower) and covering the outer portion of the sclera (white part of the eye)

Question 6

What is pink/red eye caused by?

Answer 6

inflammation or infection of conjunctiva.

Question 7

What is the cause of the characteristic pink or red color when one has pink eye?

Answer 7

When small blood vessels in the conjunctiva become inflamed, they’re more visible and appear reddish or pink

Question 8

What is pterygium?

Answer 8

pinkish, triangular tissue growth on the cornea. It typically starts on the cornea near the nose.

Question 9

Cause of pterygium?

Answer 9

unclear

Question 10

What is characteristic trait in the eye of one with Wilson disease?

Answer 10

sunflower cataract and Kayser-Fleisher ring

Question 11

Wilson disease has what type of genetic inheritance pattern?

Answer 11

autosomal recessive

Question 12

Describe Marcus Gunn pupil.

Answer 12

less or no constriction to direct light, but the pupil constricts to consensual light

Question 13

What are the possible causes of Marcus Gunn pupil?

Answer 13

disease of the retina or optic nerve such as in retinal detachment, retinal ischemia or optic neuritis, among other causes.

CN II damage in MS

Question 14

Cause of Adie’s pupil.

Answer 14

unknown

Question 15

What is Adie’s pupil?

Answer 15

pupil that does not contract during near reflex & in response to direct light (“atonic pupil”)

Question 16

Argyl Roberstson pupil.

Answer 16

pupil that constricts during near reflex but not in response to direct light; usually bilateral

Question 17

Argyl Robertson pupil usually come with what disease?

Answer 17

neurosyphyilis

Question 18

What is the pathology of Argyl Robertson pupil?

Answer 18

Something involving pretectal nuclei

Question 19

Anisocoria.

Answer 19

Condition characterized by unequal pupil size

Question 20

What is the broad basis of the pathology of anisocoria?

Answer 20

Pathology in sympathetic nervous system = constricted pupil (miosis)
Ex. Horner’s syndrome

Stroke: Lateral medullary syndrome (Wallenberg syndrome)

Question 21

What is the pathology of anisocoria related to the parasympathetic nervous system causing (dilated pupil (mydriasis).

Answer 21

Compression: Tumors, uncal herniation, aneurysm around CN 3

Stroke: Weber’s syndrome, Benedikt’s syndrome

Question 22

What is a condition of the eyes that is the most common cause of blindness in adults?

Answer 22

cataracts

Question 23

Perimetry may be conducted in order to assess what in a patient?

Answer 23

visual field tests

Question 24

Lateral rectus is responsible for what eye movement?

Answer 24

abduction

Question 25

Medial rectus is responsible for what eye movment?

Answer 25

adduction

Question 26

Adducted eye is elevated and depressed by which ocular muscles?

Answer 26

The adducted eye is elevated by the inferior oblique and depressed by the superior oblique

Question 27

When the eye is abducted, the abducted eye is elevated and depressed by which ocular muscles?

Answer 27

abducted eye is elevated by the superior rectus and depressed by the inferior rectus.

Question 28

What are the common sources of diplopia?

Answer 28

Oculomotor palsy
Trochlear nerve palsy
Abducens palsy – or lateral gaze palsy

Question 29

What device is used to measure the outflow (and resistance to outflow) of the aqueous humor from the eye?

Answer 29

Tonometric device (diaton tonometry)

Question 30

What is the purpose of using an ophthalmoscope?

Answer 30

allows direct look at the retina and other tissue at the back of the eye