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Visceral Physiology > Visc Phys- Final Exam > Flashcards

Visc Phys- Final Exam Flashcards

0
Q 
Electrolyte disturbances are most likely to occur when ion transport is impaired across the luminal membrane of the cell in the...
A. Proximal convoluted tubule
B. Proximal straight tubule
C. Thick ascending Henle's loop
D. Distal convoluted tubule
A

C. Thick ascending Henle’s Loop

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1
Q 
Which of the following substances regulates mineral balance in the body?
A. Renin
B. Aldosterone
C. Antidiuretic hormone
D. Angiotensin-converting enzyme
A

B. Aldosterone

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2
Q

Which of the following statements is NOT correct regarding plasma proteins?
A. Plasma proteins osmotically help maintain blood volume
B. Albumin deficiency can cause edema
C. Histamine causes oncotic pressure of the pleura to increase
D. Liver damage could cause hypoalbuminemia

A

C. Histamine causes oncotic pressure of the pleura to increase

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3
Q 
Sympathetic stimulation will NOT cause which of the following effects?
A. Positive inotropic effect
B. Capillary constriction
C. Veno constriction
D. Only A and B
E. A, B and C
A

B. Capillary constriction

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4
Q 
The urine concentration mechanism does NOT involve the participation of which of the following structures?
A. Loop of Henle
B. Vasa recta
C. Peritubular capillaries
D. Collecting duct
A

C. Peritubular capillaries

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5
Q 
A person with hyperaldosteronism will present with which of the following?
A. Low blood volume
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypertension
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
A

D. All of the above

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6
Q 
Which of the following starling forces causes filtration of plasma components to form urinary ultrafiltrate in the glomeruli?
A. Capillary hydrostatic pressure
B. Interstitial oncotic pressure
C. Capillary oncotic pressure
D. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
A

A. Capillary hydrostatic pressure

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7
Q 
Which of the following will cause systemic blood pressure to increase?
A. Hypoaldosteronism
B. ADH deficiency
C. Excessive renin secretion
D. Increase in vagal tone
A

C. Excessive renin secretion

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8
Q 
Pacemaker activity and conduction velocity in the heart can be suppressed by which of the following conditions?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Hypercalcemia
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Hypermagnesemia
A

C. Hyperkalemia

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9
Q 
Parasympathetic stimulation will cause which of the following effects?
A. Bradycardia
B. Arterial dilation
C. Veno-dilation
D. Increased cardiac output
A

A. Bradycardia

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10
Q

Antidiuretic hormone is synthesized PRIMARILY in the _________ of the hypothalamus and acts on _________ to conserve water.
A. Paraventricular nuclei; collecting duct
B. Supra optic nuclei; collecting duct
C. Supra optic nuclei; distal tubule
D. Paraventricular nuclei; distal tubule

A

B. Supra optic nuclei; collecting duct

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11
Q 
Which of the following substances responds to changes in plasma osmolality and regulates water balance in the body?
A. Aldosterone
B. Renin
C. Angiotensin I
D. Antidiuretic hormone
A

D. Antidiuretic hormone

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12
Q 
Plasma proteins are repelled from entering the urinary ultrafiltrate by the presence of an electrical charge lining in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Glomerular capillary membrane
B. Podocyte foot processes
C. Bowmans capsule
D. Support cells
A

B. Podocyte foot processes

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13
Q 
Plasma concentration of which of the following hormones will be expected to increase as a compensation when the blood pressure rises?
A. Aldosterone
B. Anti diuretic hormone 
C. Atrial natriuretic peptide
D. Oxytocin
A

C. Atrial natriuretic peptide

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14
Q 
Plasma circulating levels of which of the following will be elevated in response to hyperkalemia?
A. Aldosterone
B. Antidiuretic hormone
C. Renin
D. Rennin
A

A. Aldosterone

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15
Q

Which is correct regarding the myocardium?
A. Muscle contractions are always preceded by muscle cat ion potentials
B. Hypercalcemia will cause stroke volume to decrease
C. Ventricular contractions open the cuspid valves
D. The heart sounds occur during the period of isovolumetric relaxation

A

A. Muscle contractions are always preceded by muscle cation potentials

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16
Q 
Which of the following conditions will cause hyponatremia AND hypertension?
A. Hyperaldosteronism
B. Excessive rennin secretion
C. Excessive ADH secretion
D. Increase in vagal tone
A

C. Excessive ADH secretion

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17
Q 
Respiratory activity is regulated by changes in CSF concentration of which of the following?
A. Bicarbonate ions
B. Hydrogen ions
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Oxygen
A

B. Hydrogen ions

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18
Q 
Which part of the nephron is lined with brush border epithelium?
A. Glomerular filtration barrier
B. Proximal convoluted tubule
C. Thick, ascending limb of Henle's Loop
D. Distal convoluted tubule
A

B. Proximal convoluted tubule

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19
Q 
Which of the following conditions will NOT cause hyperkalemia?
A. Exercise
B. Acidosis
C. Cell lysis
D. Insulin
A

D. Insulin

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20
Q

Which of the following statements is NOT correct regarding
juxta-medullary nephrons?
A. They represent approximately 85% of the total number of nephrons
B. Their glomeruli are located in the inner third of the renal cortex
C. Their loops of Henle are associated with vasa recta
D. They ensure that the urine is concentrated as needed

A

A. They represent approximately 85% of the total number of nephrons

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21
Q

Slow calcium influx…
A. Causes rapid repolarization phase of any action potential
B. Causes rapid depolarization phase of plateau action potentials
C. Causes resting potential phase of rhythmic action potentials
D. Causes partial depolarization phase of plateau action potentials
E. Causes rapid depolarization phase of rhythmic action potentials

A

E. Causes rapid depolarization phase of rhythmic action potentials

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22
Q

Rapid calcium influx…
A. Causes rapid repolarization phase of any action
B. Causes rapid depolarization phase of plateau action potentials
C. Causes resting potential phase of rhythmic action potentials
D. Causes partial depolarization phase of plateau action potentials
E. Causes rapid depolarization phase of rhythmic action potentials

A

C. Causes resting potential phase of rhythmic action potentials

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23
Q

Rapid sodium influx…
A. Causes rapid repolarization phase of any action
B. Causes rapid depolarization phase of plateau action potentials
C. Causes resting potential phase of rhythmic action potentials
D. Causes partial depolarization phase of plateau action potentials
E. Causes rapid depolarization phase of rhythmic action potentials

A

B. Causes rapid depolarization phase of plateau action potentials

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24
Q

Slow potassium influx…
A. Causes rapid repolarization phase of any action
B. Causes rapid depolarization phase of plateau action potentials
C. Causes resting potential phase of rhythmic action potentials
D. Causes partial depolarization phase of plateau action potentials
E. Causes rapid depolarization phase of rhythmic action potentials

A

D. Causes partial depolarization phase of plateau action potentials

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25
Q

Rapid potassium influx…
A. Causes rapid repolarization phase of any action
B. Causes rapid depolarization phase of plateau action potentials
C. Causes resting potential phase of rhythmic action potentials
D. Causes partial depolarization phase of plateau action potentials
E. Causes rapid depolarization phase of rhythmic action potentials

A

A. Causes rapid repolarization phase of any action

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26
Q 
Acclamation the high altitude involves which of the following?
A. Increased erythropoiesis 
B. Increased ADH secretion
C. Increased renin secretion
D. None of the above
A

A. Increased erythropoiesis

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27
Q

Respiratory activity is PRIMARILY under the control of…
A. Hypothalamic neurons
B. Pneumotaxic in the pons
C. Respiratory neurons in the Medulla Oblongata
D. None of the above

A

C. Respiratory neurons in the Medulla Oblongata

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28
Q 
Immediate compensation for metabolic acidosis occurs by which of the following mechanisms?
A. Hypoventilation
B. Hyperventilation
C. Increased renal proton secretion
D. Decreased renal proton secretion
A

B. Hyperventilation

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29
Q 
Which of the following is most likely to be evident in the laboratory data of the patient with diabetic ketoacidosis?
A. Hypoglycemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Decreased bicarbonate in plasma
D. Decreased CO2 in plasma
A

C. Decreased bicarbonate in plasma

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30
Q 
Quiet, passive inhalation involves contraction of which of the following muscles?
A. Internal intercostals
B. External intercostals
C. Diaphragm
D. All of the above
A

C. Diaphragm

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31
Q 
Most of the carbon dioxide produced by cells is transported in the blood in which of the following forms?
A. Dissolved CO2
B. Carboxyhemoglobin
C. Carbaminohemoglobin
D. Bicarbonate ions
A

D. Bicarbonate ions

32
Q 
Deamination of which amino acid is important to buffer protons that are secreted into the urinary filtrate?
A. Glycine
B. Glutamate
C. Glutamine
D. Cysteine
A

C. Glutamine

33
Q 
The enzyme that regulates reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the tubular nephron is...
A. Monomania oxidase
B. Carbonic anhydrase
C. Renin
D. Angiotensin-converting enzyme
A

B. Carbonic anhydrase

34
Q 
The substance that acts as the urinary buffer to prevent damage by the secreted proton is...
A. Hydrogen ions
B. Amino acids
C. Ammonia
D. Urea
A

C. Ammonia

35
Q 
Stimulated aldosterone secretion is associated with...
A. Plasma proteins
B. Glucose reabsorption
C. Bicarbonate ion reabsorption
D. Chloride reabsorption
E. Hyperkalemia
A

E. Hyperkalemia

36
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Na+/H+ exchange.
A. Plasma proteins
B. Glucose reabsorption
C. Bicarbonate ion reabsorption
D. Chloride reabsorption
E. Hyperkalemia
A

C. Bicarbonate ion reabsorption

37
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ blocked by loop diuretics.
A. Plasma proteins
B. Glucose reabsorption
C. Bicarbonate ion reabsorption
D. Chloride reabsorption
E. Hyperkalemia
A

D. Chloride reabsorption

38
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ depends upon Na+ reabsorption.
A. Plasma proteins
B. Glucose reabsorption
C. Bicarbonate ion reabsorption
D. Chloride reabsorption
E. Hyperkalemia
A

B. Glucose reabsorption

39
Q 
Angiotensin II is formed by the enzyme \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ that is secreted by the vascular endothelium in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 
A. Renin; kidneys
B. Renin; lungs
C. ACE; lungs
D. ACE; kidneys
A

C. ACE; lungs

40
Q 
Which of the following substances regulates mineral balance in the body?
A. Renin
B. Aldosterone
C. Antidiuretic hormone
D. Angiotensin converting enzyme
A

B. Aldosterone

41
Q

Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding plasma proteins?
A. Plasma proteins osmotically help maintain blood volume
B. Plasma protein deficiency can cause edema
C. Endothelial retraction causes oncotic pressure of the ISF to increase
D. Only A and B above are correct
E. A B and C above are correct

A

E. A B and C above are correct

42
Q 
Sympathetic stimulation will cause which of the following effects?
A. Cardio acceleration
B. Arteriolar constriction
C. Veno construction
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
A

A. Cardio acceleration

43
Q 
The urine concentration mechanism does not involve the participation of which of the following structures?
A. Loop of Henle
B. Vasa recta
C. Peritubular capillaries
D. Collecting duct
A

C. Peritubular capillaries

44
Q 
A person with hyperaldosteronism will present with which of the following?
A. Low blood volume
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypotension
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
A

B. Hypokalemia

High Na+, low K+

45
Q 
Which of the following starling forces causes filtration of plasma components to form ultrafiltrate in the glomeruli?
A. Capillary hydrostatic pressure
B. Interstitial oncotic pressure
C. Capillary oncotic pressure
D. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
A

A. Capillary hydrostatic pressure

46
Q 
Which of the following will cause systemic blood pressure to decrease?
A. Hyperaldosteronism
B. Excessive ADH secretion
C. Excessive renin secretion
D. Increase in vagal tone,
A

D. Increase in vagal tone

47
Q 
Pacemaker activity and conduction velocity in the heart can be suppressed by which of the following conditions?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Hypercalcemia
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Hypermagnesemia
A

C. Hyperkalemia

48
Q 
Parasympathetic stimulation will cause which of the following effects?
A. Bradycardia
B. Arteriolar dilation
C. Veno constriction
D. Reduced stroke volume
A

A. Bradycardia

49
Q

Antidiuretic hormone is synthesized in the _________ of the hypothalamus and acts on _________ to conserve water.
A. Periventricular nuclei; collecting duct
B. Supraoptic nuclei; collecting duct
C. Supraoptic nuclei; loop of Henle
D. Paraventricular nuclei; loop of Henle

A

B. Supraoptic nuclei; collecting duct

50
Q 
Which of the following substances responds to changes in plasma osmolality and regulates water balance in the body?
A. Aldosterone
B. Renin
C. Angiotensin I
D. ADH
A

D. ADH

51
Q 
Plasma proteins are repelled from entering the urinary ultrafiltrate by the presence of electrical charge lining the...
A. Glomerular capillary membrane
B. Podocyte foot processes
C. Bowman's capsule
D. Support cells
A

B. Podocyte foot processes

52
Q 
Plasma concentration of which of the following hormones will be expected to increase when the blood pressure rises?
A. Aldosterone
B. Antidiuretic hormone
C. Atrial natriuretic peptide
D. Oxytocin
A

C. Atrial natriuretic peptide

53
Q

When the plasma level of ADH is low, the permeability of the collecting duct to water is…
A. Low
B. High
C. Not changed

A

A. Low

54
Q

Which is NOT correct regarding the myocardium?
A. Contractions are always preceded by muscle action potentials
B. Hypocalcemia will cause a stroke volume to decrease
C. Ventricular contractions are delayed after atria contract
D. Atria in ventricles contract simultaneously

A

D. Atria in ventricles contract simultaneously

55
Q 
Which of the following conditions will cause hyponatremia and hypertension?
A. Hyperaldosteronism
B. Excessive renin secretion
C. Excessive ADH secretion
D. Increase in vagal tone
A

C. Excessive ADH secretion

56
Q 
Respiratory activity is regulated by changes in the CSF concentration of which of the following?
A. Bicarbonate ions
B. Hydrogen ions
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Oxygen
A

B. Hydrogen ions

57
Q 
What part of the nephron is lined with a brush border epithelium?
A. Glomerular filtrations barrier
B. Proximal convoluted tubule
C. Thick ascending limb of Henle's loop
D. Distal convoluted tubule
A

B. Proximal convoluted tubule

58
Q 
Where in the tubular nephron is chloride reabsorption into the ECF of primary importance?
A. Proximal convoluted tubule
B. Thin descending limb of Henle's loop
C. Thick ascending limb of Henle's loop
D. Collecting duct
A

C. Thick ascending limb of Henle’s loop

59
Q

Which of the following statements is NOT correct regarding juxtamedullary nephrons?
A. They represent approximately 85% of the total number of nephrons
B. Their glomeruli are located in the inner third of the renal cortex
C. Their loops of Henle are associated with vasa recta
D. They ensure that the urine is concentrated as needed

A

A. They represent approximately 85% of the total number of nephrons

60
Q

Match the following with the appropriate alphabetical choice:

  1. Slow calcium influx
  2. Rapid calcium influx
  3. Rapid sodium influx
  4. Slow potassium efflux
  5. Rapid potassium efflux

A. Causes phase 3 of any action potentials
B. Causes phase 0 of plateau action potentials
C. Causes phase 4 of rhythmic action potentials
D. Causes phase 1 of plateau action potential
E. Causes phase 0 of rhythmic action potential

A
  1. C
  2. E
  3. B
  4. D
  5. A
61
Q 
Alveolar collapse due to lack of surfactant is most likely to occur...
A. At the beginning of inspiration
B. At the end of inspiration
C. At the beginning of expiration
D. At the end of expiration
A

D. At the end of expiration

62
Q 
Ventilation perfusion matching is best...
A. In the upper third of the lungs
B. In the middle third of the lungs
C. In the lower third of the lungs
D. Throughout the lungs
A

C. In the lower third of the lungs

63
Q 
Acclamation to high-altitude involves which of the following?
A. Increased erythropoiesis 
B. Increased ADH secretion
C. Increased renin secretion
D. None of the above
A

A. Increased erythropoiesis

64
Q 
Respiratory activity is primarily under the control of...
A. Hypothalamic neurons
B. Pneumotaxic center in the pons
C. Respiratory neurons in the medulla
D. None of the above
A

C. Respiratory neurons in the medulla

65
Q 
The volume of air that is normally exchanged during quiet breathing is the...
A. Tibial volume
B. Residual volume
C. Forced vital capacity 
D. Inspiratory reserve volume
A

A. Tibial volume

66
Q 
Changing the manner of breathing does NOT change which of the following?
A. Tidal volume
B. Anatomical dead space
C. Inspiratory volume
C. Expiratory volume
A

B. Anatomical dead space

67
Q 
Which of the following conditions is associated with difficulty in exhalation?
A. Asthma
B. Tuberculosis 
C. Fibrotic pleurisy 
D. Scoliosis
A

A. Asthma

68
Q 
Deamination of which amino acid is important to buffer protons that are secreted into the urinary filtrate?
A. Glycine
B. Glutamate
C. Cysteine
D. Glutamine
A

D. Glutamine

69
Q 
The enzyme that regulates reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the tubular nephrons is...
A. Monoamine oxidase
B. Carbonic anhydrase
C. Renin
D. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
A

B. Carbonic anhydrase

70
Q 
The substance that acts as the urinary buffer to prevent damage by the secreted proton is...
A. Hydrogen ions
B. Amino acids
C. Ammonia
D. Urea
A

C. Ammonia

71
Q 
Absorption of which of the following substances in the small intestines is not dependent on sodium ion dependent Co-transport?
A. Calcium ions
B. Glucose
C. Dipeptides
D. Water soluble vitamins
A

A. Calcium ions

72
Q 
Adequate secretion of the intrinsic factor is a prerequisite for absorption of which of the following nutrients?
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin D
C. Vitamin C
D. Vitamin B12
A

D. Vitamin B12

73
Q 
Hydrochloric acid is secreted into the gastric lumen to begin protein digestion by which of the following cells of the gastric mucosa?
A. Parietal cells
B. Chief cells
C. G cells
D. Mucosa cells
A

A. Parietal cells

74
Q

Match the following with the one best alphabetical choice:

  1. Plasma proteins
  2. Glucose reabsorption
  3. Bicarbonate ion reabsorption
  4. Chloride reabsorption
  5. Hyperkalemia

A. Stimulates aldosterone secretion
B. Requires sodium/hydrogen exchange in the proximal convoluted tubule
C. Blocked by Loop diuretics
D. Depends on sodium reabsorption
E. Concentration higher in the efferent and arteriolar blood

A
  1. E
  2. D
  3. B
  4. C
  5. A
75
Q 
Which of the following hormones stimulates gastric acid secretion?
A. Cholecystokinin 
B. Secretin
C. Rennin
D. Gastrin
A

D. Gastrin

76
Q 
Histamine stimulates secretions of which of the following?
A. Saliva
B. Gastric secretion
C. Pancreatic secretion
D. All of the above
A

B. Gastric secretion

77
Q 
Micelle formation in the intestinal lumen is required for the absorption of which of the following substances??
A. Monosaccharides
B. Disaccharides
C. Lipids
D. Calcium ions
A

C. Lipids

Visceral Physiology (3 decks)

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