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Visceral Physiology > Visc Phys- Exam 2 > Flashcards

Visc Phys- Exam 2 Flashcards

0
Q 
Sympathetic stimulation will NOT cause which of the following?
A. Increased stroke volume
B. Increased cardiac output
C. Coronary vasodilation
D. Systemic vasodilation
A

D. Systemic vasodilation

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1
Q 
Increase in sodium ion influx during the myocardial potential occurs during which of the following phases?
A. Phase 0
B. Phase 1
C. Phase 2
D. Phase 3
E. Phase 4
A

A. Phase 0

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2
Q 
The speed of conduction of the myocardial action potential is fastest in the...
A. Purkinje system
B. Bundle of His
C. AV node
D. SA node
E. Speed is constant
A

A. Purkinje system

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3
Q 
A weak myocardium can result in...
A. A decrease in left ventricular ejection volume
B. Peripheral and pulmonary edema
C. Bradycardia
D. Only A and B above are correct
E. A, B, and C above are correct
A

D. Only A and B above are correct

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4
Q 
Arteriolar constriction is mediated exclusively by vascular \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Muscarinic ACh receptors
B. Alpha-adrenergic receptors
C. Nicotinic ACh receptors
D. Beta-adrenergic receptors
A

B. Alpha-adrenergic receptors

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5
Q

The Frank-Starling Law of the heart best correlates with which of the following statements?
A. When the end diastolic volume increases stroke volume will decrease
B. Heart rate will increase when the core body temperature increases
C. Sympathetic stimulation will cause tachycardia
D. Left ventricular ejection volume will increase when systemic venous return increases
E. Systemic hypotension will elicit compensatory tachycardia

A

D. Left ventricular ejection volume will increase when systemic venous return increases

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6
Q 
Which of the following will not cause arteriolar constriction?
A. Renin
B. Epinephrine
C. Norepinephrine
D. Angiotensin I
E. Angiotensin II
A

A. Renin

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7
Q

Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding venous return?
A. Valves prevent flow of blood from the periphery to the heart.
B. Decrease in venous return will decrease subsequent stroke volume
C. Sympathetic stimulation will cause dilation of the veins and thereby increase venous return
D. Parasympathetic stimulation will cause venular dilation and thereby increase venous return

A

B. Decrease in venous return will decrease subsequent stroke volume

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8
Q 
Angiotensinogen is synthesized in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_and is converted to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ by the enzyme\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_that is released from the granular cells in the afferent arterioles of the glomeruli.
A. Lungs; angiotensin I; renin
B. Liver; angiotensin I; renin
C. Lungs; angiotensin II; renin
D. Liver; angiotensin II; renin
A

B. Liver; angiotensin I; renin

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9
Q 
The Tubulo-Glomerular feedback mechanism to maintain urine formation involves which of the following substances?
A. Renin
B. Aldosterone
C. Anti-diuretic hormone 
D. Angiotensin-converting enzyme
A

A. Renin

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10
Q 
The cation that helps maintain blood volume is...
A. Calcium 
B. Potassium
C. Sodium
D. Magnesium
A

C. Sodium

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11
Q 
Slow depolarization in cells of the sinoatrial (SA) node are due to influx of...
A. Calcium ions
B. Sodium ions
C. Potassium ions
D. Chloride ions
A

B. Sodium ions

A. Calcium is also acceptable (slow calcium channels open after slow sodium channels do)

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12
Q 
A person with hyperaldosteronism will present with which of the following?
A. Low blood volume
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypotension
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
A

B. Hypokalemia

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13
Q 
All the following except will cause systemic blood pressure to rise?
A. Hyperaldosteronism
B. Excessive ADH
C. Excessive renin secretion
D. Increase in vagal tone
A

D. Increase in vagal tone

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14
Q 
Which hormone causes sodium excretion?
A. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
B. Antidiuretic hormone
C. Aldosterone
D. Angiotensin converting enzyme
A

A. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

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15
Q

Which of the following does not normally participate in the
Tubulo-Glomerular feedback mechanism to regulate Glomerular filtration rate?
A. Angiotensin I
B. Angiotensin II
C. Cells of macula densa
D. Granular cells of the afferent arteriole

A

B. Angiotensin II

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16
Q 
Heart rate of 60 to 100 bpm represents\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A. Normal sinus rhythm
B. Sinus bradycardia
C. Sinus tachycardia
D. None of the above
A

A. Normal sinus rhythm

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17
Q

Which is NOT correct regarding myocardium?
A. Muscle contractions are always preceded by muscle action potentials
B. Both atria contract simultaneously
C. Ventricular contractions are delayed after atria contraction
D. Hypocalcemia will cause stroke volume to increase

A

D. Hypocalcemia will cause stroke volume to increase

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18
Q 
The normal axis of the heart is\_\_\_\_\_\_
A. 0°
B. 60°
C. 120°
D. 180°
E. 240°
A

B. 60°

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19
Q 
Matching (DO NOT USE ANY ITEM MORE THAN ONCE):
A. SA node
B. AV node
C. AV bundle
D. Atrial myocardium
E. Ventricular myocardium
  1. Repolarization is not represented in the ECG
  2. QRS complex of the ECG represents depolarization
  3. Depolarization is due to calcium influx
  4. Fastest rate of slow depolarization
  5. Cells are deficient in gap junctions
A
  1. D
  2. E
  3. B
  4. A
  5. C
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20
Q 
Matching (DO NOT USE ANY ITEM MORE THAN ONCE):
A. Occurs during the P-R segment
B. Occurs after the second heart sound
C. Dicrotic notch on BP curve
D. Semi lunar valves open
E. First heart sound occurs
  1. Period of isovolumetric contraction
  2. Period of ejection
  3. Period of isovolumetric relaxation
  4. Period of passive filling
  5. Period of active filling
A
  1. E
  2. D
  3. C
  4. B
  5. A
21
Q 
Arterial diameter is predominantly dependent upon sympathetic tone in which of the following vascular beds?
A. Coronary
B. Cutaneous 
C. Cerebral
D. Pulmonary
A

B. Cutaneous

22
Q

Stimulation of which of the following will NOT increase systemic blood pressure?
A. Adrenergic receptors in the SA node
B. Adrenergic receptors in the myocardium
C. mACh receptors in the SA node
D. Adrenergic receptors in the peripheral vasculature

A

C. mACh receptors in the SA node

23
Q 
The plateau phase of the myocardial action potential influx involves which ion?
A. Sodium
B. Potassium
C. Calcium
D. Magnesium
A

C. Calcium

24
Q 
The major source of calcium ions for myocardial contractions which of the following?
A. Extracellular fluid
B. Mitochondria
C. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
D. Endoplasmic reticulum
A

A. Extracellular fluid

25
Q

Myocardial tissue’s function as syncitia because of which structural characteristics?
A. Branched nature of myocardial fibers
B. Presence of cell to cell communication pathways
C. Presence of large number of mitochondria
D. Only A and B above are correct
E. A, B, and C above are correct

A

D. Only A and B above are correct

26
Q 
What pressure draws water from ISF to the plasma?
A. Transudate
B. Oncotic
C. Hydrostatic
D. Partial
E. B and C only
A

B. Oncotic

27
Q 
What category of blood vessels is considered capacitance?
A. Capillaries
B. Arterioles
C. Veins
D. Lymphatic
A

C. Veins

28
Q 
What category of blood vessels is considered resistance?
A. Veins
B. Arterioles
C. Great vessels (e.g. aorta)
D. Capillaries
A

B. Arterioles

29
Q 
At any given point most of the blood is contained in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A. Arteries
B. Capillaries
C. Heart
D. Veins
A

D. Veins

30
Q

Histamine_________
A. Causes vasodilation in most arterioles
B. Is released from mast cells
C. Causes Bronchoconstriction
D. Causes separation of capillary endothelium all cells
E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

31
Q

True or False: Systole depends on cardiac contraction whereas diastole pressure remains relatively unchanged.

A

True

32
Q

True or False: Heart syncytium is completely separated from the left heart syncytium

A

False

33
Q

Inotropicity deals with _________ whereas chronotropicity deals with ___________.
A. Force of cardiac contraction; time based cardiac contraction
B. Stroke volume; heart rate
C. Calcium levels; nodal rythmicity
D. Parasympathetic input; sympathetic input
E. A, B, and C only

A

E. A, B, and C only

34
Q

Name four things monitored during the cardiac cycle?
A. Heart rate, stroke volume, blood pressure, volume in heart chambers
B. Blood pressure, ECG, volume in heart chambers, sound
C. Blood pressure, ECG, volume in heart chambers, heart rate
D. Stroke volume, heart rate, ECG, volume in heart chambers

A

B. Blood pressure, ECG, volume in heart chambers, sound

35
Q 
S1 (lubb) is a result of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Semi lunar valve closure
B. Coronary sinus closure
C. Aortic valve closure
D. Atrioventricular valve closure
A

D. Atrioventricular valve closure

36
Q

What is the significance of the plateau phase in cardiac contractile action potential?
A. To allow for delay for the opening of slow potassium channels
B. To allow for calcium to enter the muscle cell
C. To increase the absolute refractory period
D. To allow for more sodium to enter the cell

A

B. To allow for calcium to enter the muscle cell

37
Q

True or False: The heart spends more time in ventricular systole compared to ventricular diastole.

A

False

38
Q

Hyperkalemia has what effect on cardiac function?
A. Slows the rate of ventricular depolarization
B. Speeds up SA node activity
C. Speeds the opening of slow potassium channels
D. Increases the intensity of ventricular contraction

A

A. Slows the rate of ventricular depolarization

39
Q 
From the beginning of systole to the end of diastole, choose the correct order of events:
1- Period of ejection
2- Period of isovolumetric contraction
3- Active ventricular filling
4- Passive ventricular filling
5- Period of isovolumetric relaxation

A. 1,2,4,5,3
B. 2,4,5,3,1
C. 5,4,1,2,3
D. 2,1,5,4,3

A

D. 2,1,5,4,3

40
Q 
The QRS wave corresponds with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Period of isovolumetric contraction
B. AV valves closing and semi lunar valves opening
C. Increase in ventricular pressure
D. First heart sound
E. A, B, and D only
F. All of the above
A

F. All of the above

41
Q 
Aortic stenosis will have what effect on the arterial blood pressure?
A. Increase
B. Decrease
C. No effect
D. Increase the stroke volume
A

A. Decrease

42
Q

True or False. Mean arterial pressure is the difference between systole pressure and diastolic pressure

A

False

43
Q 
Which tissues are heavily dependent on extracellular calcium levels?
A. Cardiac muscle
B. Small intestine smooth muscle
C. Skeletal muscle
D. All of the above
E. A and B only
A

E. A and B only

44
Q

True or False: A denervated heart would decrease its cardiac output.

A

False

45
Q

The Frank-Starling Law describes _________.
A. How plasma fluid is lost during capillary exchange
B. The role of atrial systole in effecting ventricular filling
C. How increased end-diastolic volume increases stroke volume
D. Colloidal (oncotic) pressure gradients in capillaries

A

C. How increased end-diastolic volume increases stroke volume

46
Q

Systolic pressure reaches its peak during _________.
A. The beginning of the T-wave
B. The middle of isovolumetric ventricular contraction
C. The middle of ventricular ejection
D. Shortly after the first heart sound
E. A, C, and D
F. All of the above

A

E. A, C, and D

47
Q

The lymphatic system:
A. Has the capability to carry proteins and large particular matter
B. Is the main circulatory route for extracellular fluid
C. Is located in the periphery
D. Carries lymph which is more concentrated than interstitial fluid

A

A. Has the capability to carry proteins and large particular matter

48
Q

What factor does not lead to low cardiac output strictly concerning cardiac factors?
A. Severe coronary blood vessel blockage and consequent myocardial infarction
B. Severe valvular heart disease
C. Obstruction of large veins
D. Myocarditis and cardiac tamponade
E. Cardiac metabolic derangement

A

C. Obstruction of large veins

49
Q

What factor does not lead to low cardiac output strictly concerning non-cardiac factors?
A. Decreased blood volume
B. Acute venous dilation
C. Obstruction of large veins
D. Decreased tissue mass, especially decreased skeletal muscle mass
E. Hyperthyroidism

A

E. Hyperthyroidism

50
Q

True or False: It is possible for an isosmotic solution to be hypotonic.

A

True

51
Q

Match the abnormalities with the statements below.
A. Adrenal insufficiency; overuse of diuretics
B. Diabetes insipidus; excessive sweating
C. Cushing’s disease; primary aldosteronism or high sodium chloride intake
D. Excess ADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone)

  1. Hyper-osmotic dehydration
  2. Hyper-osmotic over hydration
  3. Hypo-osmotic dehydration
  4. Hypo-osmotic over hydration
A
  1. B
  2. C
  3. A
  4. D

Visceral Physiology (3 decks)

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