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virology term 2 quiz 3 > viruses spreadsheet > Flashcards

viruses spreadsheet Flashcards

1
Q

polio - virion structure

A

icosahedral (VP1/2/3, CD155 binding sites)

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1
Q

coronaviruses - virus types

A

SARS-associated coranaviruses; other coronaviruses

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1
Q

flavivirus - subclasses

A

hepacivirus, arboviruses

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2
Q

polio - how virus multiplies

A

Binds CD155 receptors

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2
Q

coronaviruses - enveloped; nucleic acid/structure; virion structure

A

enveloped; ss+RNA, one segment; helical

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2
Q

heacivirus - class, virus

A

flavivirus; hepatitis C

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3
Q

polio - transmission method

A

fecal-oral

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3
Q

coronaviruses – transmission method

A

airborne, possible others

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3
Q

hepatitus C -enveloped; nucleic acid/structure; virion structure

A

enveloped, +ssRNA, icosahedral

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4
Q

polio - general epidemiology
What season is polio infection the highest?
What is remarkable about polio and meningitis?
Does polio affect males or females more?
How fatal is polio?

A

seasonal infection (fall highest), leading cause of aseptic meningitis, infects males more often, rarely fatal

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4
Q

SARS-associated coronavirus - diseases caused

A

SARS

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4
Q

hepatitus C - transmission route

A

STD, needle sharing, blood transfusion, perinatal

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5
Q

polio - epidemiology
What percentage of polio patients become paralyzed?
What age group is most affected?

A

0.1-1% paralytic rate in older groups

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5
Q

other coronaviruses - diesases caused

A

common cold

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5
Q

hepatitus C - diseases caused

A

hepatitis C, hepatocellular carcinoma

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6
Q

polio - pathogenesis
What is the order of initial infection to shedding?
What lapse of the immune system causes paralytic polio?

A

Virus swallowed, multiplication in tonsils/Peyer’s patches/ lymph nodes of SI and fecal-oral excretion of virus (route to next person via environment or hands), invasion of CNS (via viremia) in cases that cause paralysis, circulating Ab too late to prevent CNS invasion (paralysis occurs despite Ab)

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6
Q

coronaviruses - epidemiology

A

in adults, severity increases with age, case-fatality rate of 9%, first appeared in China then spread worldwide, but quarantine may have stopped spread

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6
Q

hepatitus C - general epidemiology

A

75% chronically infected, 20% develop cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma 10-20 years after acture HCV infection… results in 10k dpy in US, 4 mil Americans chronically infected

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7
Q

polio - incubation period

A

2-3 weeks

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7
Q

coronaviruses - incubation period

A

2-10 days

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7
Q

hepatitus C - pathogenesis

A

CD8+ cells recognize HCV peptides presented by MHC I, kills hepatocytes (again higher chance of mutations), virus does not integrate into the genome

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8
Q

polio - signs and symptoms

A

Aseptic meningitis: H/A. stiff neck, fever, increased leukocytes in CSF…Spinal polio: destroys motor neurons… withered leg, equinus foot Bulbar polio: attacks respiratory centers in medulla/cranial nerves

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8
Q

coronaviruses - signs and symptoms

A

dry cough, dyspnea

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8
Q

heptatius C - incubation period

A

about 60 days onset

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9
Q

polio - vaccines

A 
Killed (Salk) Vaccine:  formaldehyde-fixed vaccine of 3 serotypes, not originally given much in US but now preferred since low risk, IM injection        
 Live Attenuated (Sabin) Vaccine: viral mutants that grow in gut but do not invade CNS, oral, causes gut proliferation/viremia
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9
Q

hepadnavirus - types

A

hepatits B

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9
Q

hepatitus C - signs and symptoms

A

anorexia, nausea, fever, jaundice, prodromal rash/arthritis

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10
Q

polio - class, subclass, enveloped, nucleic acid/structure

A

picornavirus; enterovirus; non-enveloped; +ssRNA, one segment

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10
Q

hepadnavirus - enveloped, nucleic acid structure, virion structure

A

enveloped; circular DNA, ds for most of length (2 gapped single stranded regions), one segment; icosahedral

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10
Q

hepatitus C - lab diagnostics

A

serological and PCR tests

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11
Q

coxackie A virus - class, subclass, enveloped, nucleic acid/structure

A

picornavirus; enterovirus; non-enveloped; +ssRNA, one segment

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11
Q

hepadnavirus - how virus multiplies

A

Packaged with reverse transcriptase, viral DNA gaps filled in nucleocapsid on way to nucleus, late in infection long RNA created (pregenomes) and packaged in nucleocapsid, are copied via RT into DNA inside the nucleocapsid while RNA is degraded , virus buds thru plasma membrane

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11
Q

hepatitus C - chemotherapy

A

alpha-IFN, Ribivirin, and telaprevir/boceprevir (essential HCV protease inhibitors)

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12
Q

coxackie A virus - virion structure

A

icosahedral

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12
Q

hepadnavirus - transmission route

A

Parenteral transfer of blood, sexual transmission, perinatal infection of neonates (more likely to result in chronic disease and cause primary liver carcinoma)

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12
Q

deltavirus - virus caused

A

hepatitis D

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13
Q

coxackie A virus - transmission route

A

fecal-oral

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13
Q

hepadnavirus - diseases caused

A

hepatitis B; hepatocellular carcinoma

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13
Q

hepatitis D - nucleic acid/structure

A

circular RNA

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14
Q

coxackie A virus - diseases caused

A

aseptic meningitis, rash, colds, herpangina, hand-foot-and mouth disease in children

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14
Q

hepadnavirus - general epidemiology

A

High incidence with IV drug users, unsafe male homosexual sex, 5% cases become chronic (2-4% of chronic develop primary hepatocellular carcinoma), 90% perinatal transmission results in chronic HBV carriers where 25% of carriers will die of liver carcinoma or chronic hepatitis

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14
Q

hepatitis D - transmission route

A

only infectious in people infected with HepB as well

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15
Q

coxackie A virus - general epidemiology

A

seasonal infection (fall highest), leading cause of aseptic meningitis, infects males more often, rarely fatal

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15
Q

hepadnavirus - epidemiology

A

HBeAG correlated with presence of infectious HBV and progression to hepatic carcinoma in chronically infected patients, responsible for 500k cancer deaths annually

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15
Q

delta virus – diseases caused

A

hepatitis D

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16
Q

coxackie A virus - epidemiology

A

stable in enviornment (daycare problem); large titiers shed in feces

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16
Q

hepadnavirus - pathology

A

CD8+ cells recognize HBV peptides presented by MHC I, kills hepatocytes (killing + regeneration leads to mutations/transformation of cells), tumors have integrated HepB DNA (but not required for replication)

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16
Q

hepatitis D - general epidemiology

A

Immunity to HepB induced HepD immunity (does not encode envelope proteins)

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17
Q

coxackie A virus - signs and symptoms

A

Herpangina: sore throat, generalized infection, characteristic ulcerating Hand-foot-and-mouth disease: in children, viremic disease, vesicular lesions appear at same time

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17
Q

hepadnavirus - incubation period

A

about 70 days onset (insiduous onset)

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17
Q

hepatitis D - epidemiology

A

2-30% mortality, acute onset with severe pathology

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18
Q

coxackie A virus - lab diagnostics

A

isolation/cell culture, rising antibody titers, PCR for RNA in CSF (aseptic meningitis cases)

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18
Q

hepadnavirus - signs and symptoms

A

anorexia, nausea, fever, jaundice, prodromal rash/arthritis

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18
Q

hepatitis D - incubation period

A

about 50 days (acute onset)

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19
Q

coxackie A virus - vaccines

A

none

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19
Q

hepadnavirus - lab diagnostics

A

Serological tests for HB-Ags (core and surface), PCR test

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19
Q

hepatitis D - lab diagnostics

A

serological or PCR test of unique HepD protein

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20
Q

coxackie B virus - class, subclass, enveloped, nucleic acid/structure

A

picornavirus; enterovirus; non-enveloped; +ssRNA, one segment

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20
Q

hepadnavirus - vaccines

A

At birth from HBV infected mother: neonate given passive anti-HBV Abs AND vaccine immediately after birth… inactivated subunit vaccine against HBV surface Ags

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20
Q

hepatitis D - vaccines

A

HBV vaccine protects

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21
Q

coxackie B virus - virion structure

A

icosahedral

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21
Q

hepadnavirus - chemotherapy

A

alpha-IFN and lamivudine (RT inhibitor)

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21
Q

hepatitis D - chemotherapy

A

HBV treatment protects

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22
Q

coxackie B virus - transmission route

A

fecal-oral

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22
Q

hepevirus - virus caused

A

hepatitis E

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23
Q

coxackie B virus - diseases caused

A

aseptic meningitis, rash, colds, neonatal myocarditis, epidemic pleurodynia

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23
Q

hepetitis E - enveloped, nucleic acid structure

A

non-enveloped, +RNA

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24
Q

coxackie B virus - general epidemiology

A

seasonal infection (fall highest), leading cause of aseptic meningitis, infects males more often, rarely fatal

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24
Q

hepetitis E - transmission route

A

fecal-oral

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25
Q

coxackie B virus - epidemiology

A

stable in enviornment (daycare problem); large titiers shed in feces

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25
Q

hepatitis E - eneral epidemiology

A

fecal-oral

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26
Q

coxackie B virus - signs and symptoms

A

Neonatal myocarditis: Generalized infection in infants (and heart- often fatal) Epidemic pleurodynia: thoracic pain aggravated on deep breath (Devil’s grip)

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26
Q

hepatitis E - epidemiology

A

20% mortality in pregnant women of developing countries

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27
Q

coxackie B virus - lab diagnostics

A

isolation/cell culture, rising antibody titers, PCR for RNA in CSF (aseptic meningitis cases)

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27
Q

hepatitis E - incubation period

A

about 30 days (acute onset)

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28
Q

coxackie B virus - vaccines

28
Q

picornaviruses - subclasses

A

enteroviruses (coxsackie viruses, numbered viruses); rhinoviruses

29
Q

ECHO viruses - class, subclass, enveloped, nucleic acid/structure

A

picornavirus; enterovirus; non-enveloped; +ssRNA, one segment

29
Q

picrnaviruses - viruses caused

A

polioviruses, coxackie A and B virus, ECHO viruses, enteroviruses 70, 71, 72 (Hep A), rhinoviruses

30
Q

ECHO viruses - virion structure

A

icosahedral

31
Q

ECHO viruses - transmission route

A

fecal-oral

32
Q

ECHO viruses - diseases caused

A

rash, leading cause of aseptic meningitis

33
Q

ECHO viruses - general epidemiology

A

seasonal infection (fall highest), leading cause of aseptic meningitis, infects males more often, rarely fatal

34
Q

ECHO viruses - epidemiology

A

leading cause of aseptic meningitis, stable in environment (daycare problem) large titers shed in feces

35
Q

ECHO viruses - vaccines

36
Q

Enterovirus 70 - class, subclass, enveloped, nucleic acid/structure

A

picornavirus; enterovirus; numbered virus; non-enveloped; +ssRNA, one segment

37
Q

Enterovirus 70 - virion structure

A

icosahedral

38
Q

enterovirus 70 - transmission route

A

fecal-oral

39
Q

enterovirus 70 - diseases caused

A

acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis

40
Q

enterovirus 70 - general epidemiology

A

seasonal infection (fall highest), leading cause of aseptic meningitis, infects males more often, rarely fatal

41
Q

enterovirus 71 - class, subclass, enveloped, nucleic acid/structure

A

picornavirus; enterovirus; numbered virus; non-enveloped; +ssRNA, one segment

42
Q

enterovirus 71 - virion structure

A

icosahedral

43
Q

enterovirus 71 - transmission route

A

fecal-oral

44
Q

enterovirus 71 - general epidemiology

A

seasonal infection (fall highest), leading cause of aseptic meningitis, infects males more often, rarely fatal

45
Q

enterovirus 71 - disesases caused

A

HFMD, CNS infections

46
Q

Enterovirus 71 (hepA) - class, subclass, enveloped, nucleic acid/structure

A

picornavirus; enterovirus; numbered virus; non-enveloped; +ssRNA, one segment

47
Q

enterovirus 71 (hepA) - virion structure

A

icosahedral

48
Q

enterovirus 71 (hepA) - transmission method

A

fecal-oral

49
Q

enterovirus 71 (hepA) - diseases caused

A

hepatitis A

50
Q

enterovirus 71 (hepA) - general epidemiology

A

seasonal infection (fall highest), leading cause of aseptic meningitis, infects males more often, rarely fatal

51
Q

enterovirus 71 (hepA) - epidemiology

A

0.1% mortality rate

52
Q

enterovirus 71 (hepA) - pathogenesis

A

acute onset

53
Q

enterovirus 71 (hepA) - incubation period

A

about 30 days

54
Q

enterovirus 71 (hepA) - signs and symptoms

A

anorexia, nausea, fever, jaundice

55
Q

enterovirus 71 (hepA) - lab diagnostics

A

LFTs, serological tests (anti-HAV-IgG/M comparison)

56
Q

enterovirus 71 (hepA) - vaccines

A

formaldehyde-killed vaccine

57
Q

enterovirus 71 (hepA) - chemotherapy

A

passive immunization

58
Q

rhinovirus - class, subclass, enveloped, nucleic acid/structure

A

picornavirus; rhinovirus; non-enveloped; +ssRNA, one segment

59
Q

rhinovirus - virion structure

A

icosahedral

60
Q

rhinovirus - transmission route

61
Q

rhinovirus - diseases caused

62
Q

rhinovirus - general epidmiology

A

most common cause of colds

63
Q

rhinovirus - epidemiology

A

poor growth at body temperature and low pH, 80+ antigenic types

64
Q

rhinovirus - lab diagnostics

A

trachea organ culture

65
Q

rhinovirus - vaccines

A

too many serotypes

66
Q

reovirus - subclass, viruses, enveloped, nucleic acid/structure

A

rotairuses, nonenveloped, dsRNA, 10 segments

67
Q

rotavirus - virion structure

A

icosahedral

68
Q

rotavirus - how virus multiplies

A

vRNA functions as template for synthesis of mRNA, uses RdRp (packed with virion; hence, RNA alone not infectious)

69
Q

rotavirus - transmission route

A

fecal-oral

70
Q

rotavirus - diseases caused

A

rotavirus gastroenteritis

71
Q

rotavirus - general epidemiology

A

peaks in winter, endemic worldwide (poor countries)

72
Q

rotavirus - epidemiology

A

Common cause of infectious diarrhea in infants (most infected by 2yo), major cause of infant mortality in developing countries

73
Q

rotavirus - signs and symptoms

74
Q

rotavirus - vaccines

A

Live-attenuated vaccines available (Rotarix, RotaTeq)

75
Q

rotavirus - chemotherapy

A

rehydration therapy

76
Q

adenovirus - viruses

A

adenovirus, enteric adenoviruses

77
Q

adenovirus - enveloped, nucleic acid/structure, virion structure

A

nonenveloped; dsDNA, linear one segment; icosahedral

78
Q

adenovirus - how virus multiplies

A

Viruses assembled in nucleus, have early mRNA (replication proteins) and late mRNA (structural; virions)

79
Q

adenovirus - transmission route

80
Q

adenovirus - diseases caused

A

colds, conjunctivits

81
Q

adenovirus - general epidemiology

A

stable when dried

82
Q

enteric adenoviruses - enveloped, nucleic acid/structure, virion structure

A

nonenveloped; dsDNA, linear one segment; icosahedral

83
Q

enteric adenovirus - how virus multiplies

A

Viruses assembled in nucleus, have early mRNA (replication proteins) and late mRNA (structural; virions)

84
Q

enteric adenovirus - transmission route

A

fecal-oral

85
Q

enteric adenovirus - diseases caused

A

gastroenteritis, diarrhea

86
Q

enteric adenovirus - incubation period

87
Q

calcivirus - virus

A

norwalk virus (norovirus)

88
Q

calcivirus - enveloped; nucleic acid/structure

A

nonenveloped, ss+RNA

89
Q

calcivirus - transmission route

A

fecal-oral

90
Q

calcivirus - diseases caused

A

adolescent/infant gastroenteritis

91
Q

calcivirus - general epidemiology

A

Seen on cruiselines, school, nursing homes, camps… rare complications… highly infectious

92
Q

calcivirus - epidemiology

A

Seen in shellfish/salad (contamination), increased susceptiblity in blood type O individuals

93
Q

orthomyxoviruses - subclasses; virus types

A

influenza viruses; influenza A, B, and C

94
Q

influenza - enveloped; nucleic acid/structure; virion structure

A

enveloped, ss-RNA, 8 segments, helical

95
Q

influenza - how virus multiplies

A

Packaged with RdRp, HA binds sialic acid recptors, NA cleaves off for viral budding, infects cells of respiratory tract to cause infleunza

96
Q

influenza - transmission route

97
Q

influenza - diseases caused

A

influenza (fever, chills, aches) can lead to pneumonia

98
Q

influenza - general epidemiology

A

most deaths in elderly and infants, usually associated with underlying respiratory insufficiency (CPD, etc.)

99
Q

influenza A - epidemiology

A

Epidemics 2-3 years, Pandemics 10-30 years (from antigenic shift of recombination with other viral host)

100
Q

influenza B - epidemiology

A

epidemics 3-6 years

101
Q

influenza C - epidemiology

A

minor clinical significance

102
Q

influenza - pathogenesis

A

droplets infect upper rispiratory tract, infection may extend to lower respiratory tract… destroys ciliated epithellium in respiratory tract, viremia uncommon (no role in pathogenesis), systemic symptoms caused by toxic components from sites of growth to cause H/A and muscle pains… complicated by pneumonia (sometimes secondary to bacterial pneomonia; pneumococcus most common; staphylococcos most fatal)

103
Q

influenza - incubation period

104
Q

influenza - signs and symptoms

A

fevers, chills, aches

105
Q

influenza - lab diagnostics

A

Lab diagnosis by virus isolation in eggs/tissue or by comparison of acute vs. convalescent sera looking for rise in anti-HA Ab via HI assay… rapid diagnosis via fluorescent Ab on throat swab specimen

106
Q

influenza - vaccines

A

Trivalent seasonal killed vaccine: 2 influenza A viruses, 1 B virus… need IgA so immunity only lasts 3-10 years… FluMist (live-attenuated intranasal spray vaccine) effective in children

107
Q

influenza - chemotherapy

A

Tamiflu and zanamivir: NA inhibitors reduce symptomatic period 1-2 days… only effective if given early, resistance against these drugs increasing… Adamantanes (not recommended in US since many A viruses have resistance against it and do not inhibit B viruses) effective in combination with NA inhibitors against H1N1 viruses, given before infection, nontoxic…. amantadine inhibits Influenza A uncoating

108
Q

paramyxoviruses - viruses

A

parainfluenza (1-4); respiratory synctial virus (RSV); mumps; measles

109
Q

paramyxoviruses - enveloped, nucleic acid/structure, virion structure

A

enveloped; ss-RNA, one segment; helical

110
Q

paramyxoviruses - how virus multiplies

A

packaged with RdRp in virion

111
Q

paramyxoviruses - transmission

112
Q

parainfluenza (1-4) - diseases caused

A

non-systemic respiratory disease, croup

113
Q

respiratory synctial virus (RSV) - diseases caused

A

non-systemic respiratory disease, lower respiratory infection, pneumonia, induces ginant cells

114
Q

mumps - diseases caused

A

mumps, orchitis, aseptic meningitis

115
Q

measles - diseases caused

A

measles, encephalitis, pneumonia, otitis media, rare giant-cell pneumonia (w/o rash when cell-mediated immunity is defective), subacute sclerosing panencephalititis (SSPE), photophobia

116
Q

parainfluneza (1-4) - general epidemiology

A

no major shifts in antigenicity (single segment of RNA), cause severe febrile lower respiratory infection on initial infection, infection does not result in lifelong imunity, causes hemagglutination

117
Q

respiratory synctial virus (RSV) - general epidemiology

A

no major shifts in antigenicity (single segment of RNA), cause severe febrile lower respiratory infection on initial infection, infection does not result in lifelong imunity, causes hemagglutination

118
Q

mumps - general epidemiology

A

Lifelong immunity from infection, IgG neutralizes, long incubation period, antigenically related to parainfluenza

119
Q

measles - general epidemiology

A

Lifelong immunity from infection, IgG neutralizes, long incubation period, not related to parainfluenza, most contagious disease known, almost never causes subclinical infections

120
Q

parainfluenza (1-4) - epidemiology

A

most common cause of croup (acute laryngo-tracheo-bronchitis), peack incidence at 2 yo

121
Q

respiratory synctial virus (RSV) - epidemiology

A

most frequent cause of severe lower respiratory infection in infants and significant infection in eldery

122
Q

mumps - epidemiology

A

30% infections subclinical, no antiviral therapy, MMR vaccine (live-attenuated)

123
Q

measles - epidemiology

A

Local epidemics every 3rd winter (before vaccine), needs large population to survive, cell-mediated immunity important in clearing infection, 5-25% measles mortality in developing countries… SSPE results from people with uncomplicated measles infections from 4-17 years previous and at early age (2yo)

124
Q

mumps - pathogenesis

A

Viremia important… primary infection in respiratory epithelium/local lymph nodes that results in viremia to infect other organs. Mumps grows in parotid gland and is excreted in saliva before/after swelling

125
Q

measles - pathogenesis

A

Viremia important… primary infection in respiratory tract and multiplies in epithelium/local lymph nodes/conjunctiva results in viremia 3 days prior to rash, virus excretion from respiratory tract and in tears and urine for a few days before/after rash

126
Q

mumps - incubation period

A

18-21 days

127
Q

measles - incubation period

128
Q

parainfluenza (1-4) - signs and symptoms

A

fever, croup: dyspnea and stridor (high pitched inspiration)

129
Q

respiratory synctial virus (RSV) - signs and symptoms

130
Q

mumps - signs and symptoms

A

Prodromal fever/malaise/anorexia followed by uni/bilateral swelling of parotid glands. Usual presenting symptom is parotiditis.

131
Q

measles - signs and symptoms

A

Prodromal: fever, cold-like symptoms, Koplik spots (bright red lesions with central white spot on buccal mucosa), conjunctivitis, photophobia… anergy of cell-mediated immunity… severe hemorrhagic rash in fatal cases (death from fatal synergism of measles and malnutrition)… SSPE symptoms include insidious onset of intellectual deterioration/psych disturbances/fatal with terminal paralysis and blindness

132
Q

paramyxoviruses - lab diagnostics

A

hemagglutination (plus other methods for measles)

133
Q

measles - lab diagnostics

A

Hemagglutination, multi-nucleaed giant cells in lymph tissue (result of virus-induced cell fusion), SSPE: see inclusion bodies w/helical nucleocapsids + high Ab titers to measles virus + CNS has measles antigen

134
Q

respiratory synctial virus (RSV) - vaccines

A

none available

135
Q

mumps - vaccines

A

live attenuated (MMR, twice)

136
Q

measles - vaccines

A

live attenuated (MMR, twice)

137
Q

parainfluenza (1-4) - chemotherapy

A

severe croup treated with glucocorticoids

138
Q

respiratory synctia virus (RSV) - chemotherapy

A

Ribovirin: aerosol to treat RSV (efficacy unknown) in high-risk patients and severe infections… Passive immunization of high-risk infants (premature, pulmonary displasia) with mAb against RSV (prevents severe RSV pneumonia)

139
Q

measles - chemotherapy

A

vitamin A reduces mortality but no antiviral therapy available

virology term 2 quiz 3 (7 decks)

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