viruses spreadsheet Flashcards
1
Q
polio - virion structure
A
icosahedral (VP1/2/3, CD155 binding sites)
1
Q
coronaviruses - virus types
A
SARS-associated coranaviruses; other coronaviruses
1
Q
flavivirus - subclasses
A
hepacivirus, arboviruses
2
Q
polio - how virus multiplies
A
Binds CD155 receptors
2
Q
coronaviruses - enveloped; nucleic acid/structure; virion structure
A
enveloped; ss+RNA, one segment; helical
2
Q
heacivirus - class, virus
A
flavivirus; hepatitis C
3
Q
polio - transmission method
A
fecal-oral
3
Q
coronaviruses – transmission method
A
airborne, possible others
3
Q
hepatitus C -enveloped; nucleic acid/structure; virion structure
A
enveloped, +ssRNA, icosahedral
4
Q
polio - general epidemiology
What season is polio infection the highest?
What is remarkable about polio and meningitis?
Does polio affect males or females more?
How fatal is polio?
A
seasonal infection (fall highest), leading cause of aseptic meningitis, infects males more often, rarely fatal
4
Q
SARS-associated coronavirus - diseases caused
A
SARS
4
Q
hepatitus C - transmission route
A
STD, needle sharing, blood transfusion, perinatal
5
Q
polio - epidemiology
What percentage of polio patients become paralyzed?
What age group is most affected?
A
0.1-1% paralytic rate in older groups
5
Q
other coronaviruses - diesases caused
A
common cold
5
Q
hepatitus C - diseases caused
A
hepatitis C, hepatocellular carcinoma
6
Q
polio - pathogenesis
What is the order of initial infection to shedding?
What lapse of the immune system causes paralytic polio?
A
Virus swallowed, multiplication in tonsils/Peyer’s patches/ lymph nodes of SI and fecal-oral excretion of virus (route to next person via environment or hands), invasion of CNS (via viremia) in cases that cause paralysis, circulating Ab too late to prevent CNS invasion (paralysis occurs despite Ab)
6
Q
coronaviruses - epidemiology
A
in adults, severity increases with age, case-fatality rate of 9%, first appeared in China then spread worldwide, but quarantine may have stopped spread
6
Q
hepatitus C - general epidemiology
A
75% chronically infected, 20% develop cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma 10-20 years after acture HCV infection… results in 10k dpy in US, 4 mil Americans chronically infected
7
Q
polio - incubation period
A
2-3 weeks
7
Q
coronaviruses - incubation period
A
2-10 days
7
Q
hepatitus C - pathogenesis
A
CD8+ cells recognize HCV peptides presented by MHC I, kills hepatocytes (again higher chance of mutations), virus does not integrate into the genome
8
Q
polio - signs and symptoms
A
Aseptic meningitis: H/A. stiff neck, fever, increased leukocytes in CSF…Spinal polio: destroys motor neurons… withered leg, equinus foot Bulbar polio: attacks respiratory centers in medulla/cranial nerves
8
Q
coronaviruses - signs and symptoms
A
dry cough, dyspnea
8
Q
heptatius C - incubation period
A
about 60 days onset
9
polio - vaccines
```
Killed (Salk) Vaccine: formaldehyde-fixed vaccine of 3 serotypes, not originally given much in US but now preferred since low risk, IM injection
Live Attenuated (Sabin) Vaccine: viral mutants that grow in gut but do not invade CNS, oral, causes gut proliferation/viremia
```
9
hepadnavirus - types
hepatits B
9
hepatitus C - signs and symptoms
anorexia, nausea, fever, jaundice, prodromal rash/arthritis
10
polio - class, subclass, enveloped, nucleic acid/structure
picornavirus; enterovirus; non-enveloped; +ssRNA, one segment
10
hepadnavirus - enveloped, nucleic acid structure, virion structure
enveloped; circular DNA, ds for most of length (2 gapped single stranded regions), one segment; icosahedral
10
hepatitus C - lab diagnostics
serological and PCR tests
11
coxackie A virus - class, subclass, enveloped, nucleic acid/structure
picornavirus; enterovirus; non-enveloped; +ssRNA, one segment
11
hepadnavirus - how virus multiplies
Packaged with reverse transcriptase, viral DNA gaps filled in nucleocapsid on way to nucleus, late in infection long RNA created (pregenomes) and packaged in nucleocapsid, are copied via RT into DNA inside the nucleocapsid while RNA is degraded , virus buds thru plasma membrane
11
hepatitus C - chemotherapy
alpha-IFN, Ribivirin, and telaprevir/boceprevir (essential HCV protease inhibitors)
12
coxackie A virus - virion structure
icosahedral
12
hepadnavirus - transmission route
Parenteral transfer of blood, sexual transmission, perinatal infection of neonates (more likely to result in chronic disease and cause primary liver carcinoma)
12
deltavirus - virus caused
hepatitis D
13
coxackie A virus - transmission route
fecal-oral
13
hepadnavirus - diseases caused
hepatitis B; hepatocellular carcinoma
13
hepatitis D - nucleic acid/structure
circular RNA
14
coxackie A virus - diseases caused
aseptic meningitis, rash, colds, herpangina, hand-foot-and mouth disease in children
14
hepadnavirus - general epidemiology
High incidence with IV drug users, unsafe male homosexual sex, 5% cases become chronic (2-4% of chronic develop primary hepatocellular carcinoma), 90% perinatal transmission results in chronic HBV carriers where 25% of carriers will die of liver carcinoma or chronic hepatitis
14
hepatitis D - transmission route
only infectious in people infected with HepB as well
15
coxackie A virus - general epidemiology
seasonal infection (fall highest), leading cause of aseptic meningitis, infects males more often, rarely fatal
15
hepadnavirus - epidemiology
HBeAG correlated with presence of infectious HBV and progression to hepatic carcinoma in chronically infected patients, responsible for 500k cancer deaths annually
15
delta virus – diseases caused
hepatitis D
16
coxackie A virus - epidemiology
stable in enviornment (daycare problem); large titiers shed in feces
16
hepadnavirus - pathology
CD8+ cells recognize HBV peptides presented by MHC I, kills hepatocytes (killing + regeneration leads to mutations/transformation of cells), tumors have integrated HepB DNA (but not required for replication)
16
hepatitis D - general epidemiology
Immunity to HepB induced HepD immunity (does not encode envelope proteins)
17
coxackie A virus - signs and symptoms
Herpangina: sore throat, generalized infection, characteristic ulcerating Hand-foot-and-mouth disease: in children, viremic disease, vesicular lesions appear at same time
17
hepadnavirus - incubation period
about 70 days onset (insiduous onset)
17
hepatitis D - epidemiology
2-30% mortality, acute onset with severe pathology
18
coxackie A virus - lab diagnostics
isolation/cell culture, rising antibody titers, PCR for RNA in CSF (aseptic meningitis cases)
18
hepadnavirus - signs and symptoms
anorexia, nausea, fever, jaundice, prodromal rash/arthritis
18
hepatitis D - incubation period
about 50 days (acute onset)
19
coxackie A virus - vaccines
none
19
hepadnavirus - lab diagnostics
Serological tests for HB-Ags (core and surface), PCR test
19
hepatitis D - lab diagnostics
serological or PCR test of unique HepD protein
20
coxackie B virus - class, subclass, enveloped, nucleic acid/structure
picornavirus; enterovirus; non-enveloped; +ssRNA, one segment
20
hepadnavirus - vaccines
At birth from HBV infected mother: neonate given passive anti-HBV Abs AND vaccine immediately after birth… inactivated subunit vaccine against HBV surface Ags
20
hepatitis D - vaccines
HBV vaccine protects
21
coxackie B virus - virion structure
icosahedral
21
hepadnavirus - chemotherapy
alpha-IFN and lamivudine (RT inhibitor)
21
hepatitis D - chemotherapy
HBV treatment protects
22
coxackie B virus - transmission route
fecal-oral
22
hepevirus - virus caused
hepatitis E
23
coxackie B virus - diseases caused
aseptic meningitis, rash, colds, neonatal myocarditis, epidemic pleurodynia
23
hepetitis E - enveloped, nucleic acid structure
non-enveloped, +RNA
24
coxackie B virus - general epidemiology
seasonal infection (fall highest), leading cause of aseptic meningitis, infects males more often, rarely fatal
24
hepetitis E - transmission route
fecal-oral
25
coxackie B virus - epidemiology
stable in enviornment (daycare problem); large titiers shed in feces
25
hepatitis E - eneral epidemiology
fecal-oral
26
coxackie B virus - signs and symptoms
Neonatal myocarditis: Generalized infection in infants (and heart- often fatal) Epidemic pleurodynia: thoracic pain aggravated on deep breath (Devil's grip)
26
hepatitis E - epidemiology
20% mortality in pregnant women of developing countries
27
coxackie B virus - lab diagnostics
isolation/cell culture, rising antibody titers, PCR for RNA in CSF (aseptic meningitis cases)
27
hepatitis E - incubation period
about 30 days (acute onset)
28
coxackie B virus - vaccines
none
28
picornaviruses - subclasses
enteroviruses (coxsackie viruses, numbered viruses); rhinoviruses
29
ECHO viruses - class, subclass, enveloped, nucleic acid/structure
picornavirus; enterovirus; non-enveloped; +ssRNA, one segment
29
picrnaviruses - viruses caused
polioviruses, coxackie A and B virus, ECHO viruses, enteroviruses 70, 71, 72 (Hep A), rhinoviruses
30
ECHO viruses - virion structure
icosahedral
31
ECHO viruses - transmission route
fecal-oral
32
ECHO viruses - diseases caused
rash, leading cause of aseptic meningitis
33
ECHO viruses - general epidemiology
seasonal infection (fall highest), leading cause of aseptic meningitis, infects males more often, rarely fatal
34
ECHO viruses - epidemiology
leading cause of aseptic meningitis, stable in environment (daycare problem) large titers shed in feces
35
ECHO viruses - vaccines
none
36
Enterovirus 70 - class, subclass, enveloped, nucleic acid/structure
picornavirus; enterovirus; numbered virus; non-enveloped; +ssRNA, one segment
37
Enterovirus 70 - virion structure
icosahedral
38
enterovirus 70 - transmission route
fecal-oral
39
enterovirus 70 - diseases caused
acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis
40
enterovirus 70 - general epidemiology
seasonal infection (fall highest), leading cause of aseptic meningitis, infects males more often, rarely fatal
41
enterovirus 71 - class, subclass, enveloped, nucleic acid/structure
picornavirus; enterovirus; numbered virus; non-enveloped; +ssRNA, one segment
42
enterovirus 71 - virion structure
icosahedral
43
enterovirus 71 - transmission route
fecal-oral
44
enterovirus 71 - general epidemiology
seasonal infection (fall highest), leading cause of aseptic meningitis, infects males more often, rarely fatal
45
enterovirus 71 - disesases caused
HFMD, CNS infections
46
Enterovirus 71 (hepA) - class, subclass, enveloped, nucleic acid/structure
picornavirus; enterovirus; numbered virus; non-enveloped; +ssRNA, one segment
47
enterovirus 71 (hepA) - virion structure
icosahedral
48
enterovirus 71 (hepA) - transmission method
fecal-oral
49
enterovirus 71 (hepA) - diseases caused
hepatitis A
50
enterovirus 71 (hepA) - general epidemiology
seasonal infection (fall highest), leading cause of aseptic meningitis, infects males more often, rarely fatal
51
enterovirus 71 (hepA) - epidemiology
0.1% mortality rate
52
enterovirus 71 (hepA) - pathogenesis
acute onset
53
enterovirus 71 (hepA) - incubation period
about 30 days
54
enterovirus 71 (hepA) - signs and symptoms
anorexia, nausea, fever, jaundice
55
enterovirus 71 (hepA) - lab diagnostics
LFTs, serological tests (anti-HAV-IgG/M comparison)
56
enterovirus 71 (hepA) - vaccines
formaldehyde-killed vaccine
57
enterovirus 71 (hepA) - chemotherapy
passive immunization
58
rhinovirus - class, subclass, enveloped, nucleic acid/structure
picornavirus; rhinovirus; non-enveloped; +ssRNA, one segment
59
rhinovirus - virion structure
icosahedral
60
rhinovirus - transmission route
airborne
61
rhinovirus - diseases caused
colds
62
rhinovirus - general epidmiology
most common cause of colds
63
rhinovirus - epidemiology
poor growth at body temperature and low pH, 80+ antigenic types
64
rhinovirus - lab diagnostics
trachea organ culture
65
rhinovirus - vaccines
too many serotypes
66
reovirus - subclass, viruses, enveloped, nucleic acid/structure
rotairuses, nonenveloped, dsRNA, 10 segments
67
rotavirus - virion structure
icosahedral
68
rotavirus - how virus multiplies
vRNA functions as template for synthesis of mRNA, uses RdRp (packed with virion; hence, RNA alone not infectious)
69
rotavirus - transmission route
fecal-oral
70
rotavirus - diseases caused
rotavirus gastroenteritis
71
rotavirus - general epidemiology
peaks in winter, endemic worldwide (poor countries)
72
rotavirus - epidemiology
Common cause of infectious diarrhea in infants (most infected by 2yo), major cause of infant mortality in developing countries
73
rotavirus - signs and symptoms
diarrhea
74
rotavirus - vaccines
Live-attenuated vaccines available (Rotarix, RotaTeq)
75
rotavirus - chemotherapy
rehydration therapy
76
adenovirus - viruses
adenovirus, enteric adenoviruses
77
adenovirus - enveloped, nucleic acid/structure, virion structure
nonenveloped; dsDNA, linear one segment; icosahedral
78
adenovirus - how virus multiplies
Viruses assembled in nucleus, have early mRNA (replication proteins) and late mRNA (structural; virions)
79
adenovirus - transmission route
airborne
80
adenovirus - diseases caused
colds, conjunctivits
81
adenovirus - general epidemiology
stable when dried
82
enteric adenoviruses - enveloped, nucleic acid/structure, virion structure
nonenveloped; dsDNA, linear one segment; icosahedral
83
enteric adenovirus - how virus multiplies
Viruses assembled in nucleus, have early mRNA (replication proteins) and late mRNA (structural; virions)
84
enteric adenovirus - transmission route
fecal-oral
85
enteric adenovirus - diseases caused
gastroenteritis, diarrhea
86
enteric adenovirus - incubation period
3-10 days
87
calcivirus - virus
norwalk virus (norovirus)
88
calcivirus - enveloped; nucleic acid/structure
nonenveloped, ss+RNA
89
calcivirus - transmission route
fecal-oral
90
calcivirus - diseases caused
adolescent/infant gastroenteritis
91
calcivirus - general epidemiology
Seen on cruiselines, school, nursing homes, camps… rare complications… highly infectious
92
calcivirus - epidemiology
Seen in shellfish/salad (contamination), increased susceptiblity in blood type O individuals
93
orthomyxoviruses - subclasses; virus types
influenza viruses; influenza A, B, and C
94
influenza - enveloped; nucleic acid/structure; virion structure
enveloped, ss-RNA, 8 segments, helical
95
influenza - how virus multiplies
Packaged with RdRp, HA binds sialic acid recptors, NA cleaves off for viral budding, infects cells of respiratory tract to cause infleunza
96
influenza - transmission route
airborne
97
influenza - diseases caused
influenza (fever, chills, aches) can lead to pneumonia
98
influenza - general epidemiology
most deaths in elderly and infants, usually associated with underlying respiratory insufficiency (CPD, etc.)
99
influenza A - epidemiology
Epidemics 2-3 years, Pandemics 10-30 years (from antigenic shift of recombination with other viral host)
100
influenza B - epidemiology
epidemics 3-6 years
101
influenza C - epidemiology
minor clinical significance
102
influenza - pathogenesis
droplets infect upper rispiratory tract, infection may extend to lower respiratory tract… destroys ciliated epithellium in respiratory tract, viremia uncommon (no role in pathogenesis), systemic symptoms caused by toxic components from sites of growth to cause H/A and muscle pains... complicated by pneumonia (sometimes secondary to bacterial pneomonia; pneumococcus most common; staphylococcos most fatal)
103
influenza - incubation period
3-6 days
104
influenza - signs and symptoms
fevers, chills, aches
105
influenza - lab diagnostics
Lab diagnosis by virus isolation in eggs/tissue or by comparison of acute vs. convalescent sera looking for rise in anti-HA Ab via HI assay… rapid diagnosis via fluorescent Ab on throat swab specimen
106
influenza - vaccines
Trivalent seasonal killed vaccine: 2 influenza A viruses, 1 B virus… need IgA so immunity only lasts 3-10 years… FluMist (live-attenuated intranasal spray vaccine) effective in children
107
influenza - chemotherapy
Tamiflu and zanamivir: NA inhibitors reduce symptomatic period 1-2 days… only effective if given early, resistance against these drugs increasing… Adamantanes (not recommended in US since many A viruses have resistance against it and do not inhibit B viruses) effective in combination with NA inhibitors against H1N1 viruses, given before infection, nontoxic.... amantadine inhibits Influenza A uncoating
108
paramyxoviruses - viruses
parainfluenza (1-4); respiratory synctial virus (RSV); mumps; measles
109
paramyxoviruses - enveloped, nucleic acid/structure, virion structure
enveloped; ss-RNA, one segment; helical
110
paramyxoviruses - how virus multiplies
packaged with RdRp in virion
111
paramyxoviruses - transmission
airborne
112
parainfluenza (1-4) - diseases caused
non-systemic respiratory disease, croup
113
respiratory synctial virus (RSV) - diseases caused
non-systemic respiratory disease, lower respiratory infection, pneumonia, induces ginant cells
114
mumps - diseases caused
mumps, orchitis, aseptic meningitis
115
measles - diseases caused
measles, encephalitis, pneumonia, otitis media, rare giant-cell pneumonia (w/o rash when cell-mediated immunity is defective), subacute sclerosing panencephalititis (SSPE), photophobia
116
parainfluneza (1-4) - general epidemiology
no major shifts in antigenicity (single segment of RNA), cause severe febrile lower respiratory infection on initial infection, infection does not result in lifelong imunity, causes hemagglutination
117
respiratory synctial virus (RSV) - general epidemiology
no major shifts in antigenicity (single segment of RNA), cause severe febrile lower respiratory infection on initial infection, infection does not result in lifelong imunity, causes hemagglutination
118
mumps - general epidemiology
Lifelong immunity from infection, IgG neutralizes, long incubation period, antigenically related to parainfluenza
119
measles - general epidemiology
Lifelong immunity from infection, IgG neutralizes, long incubation period, not related to parainfluenza, most contagious disease known, almost never causes subclinical infections
120
parainfluenza (1-4) - epidemiology
most common cause of croup (acute laryngo-tracheo-bronchitis), peack incidence at 2 yo
121
respiratory synctial virus (RSV) - epidemiology
most frequent cause of severe lower respiratory infection in infants and significant infection in eldery
122
mumps - epidemiology
30% infections subclinical, no antiviral therapy, MMR vaccine (live-attenuated)
123
measles - epidemiology
Local epidemics every 3rd winter (before vaccine), needs large population to survive, cell-mediated immunity important in clearing infection, 5-25% measles mortality in developing countries… SSPE results from people with uncomplicated measles infections from 4-17 years previous and at early age (2yo)
124
mumps - pathogenesis
Viremia important… primary infection in respiratory epithelium/local lymph nodes that results in viremia to infect other organs. Mumps grows in parotid gland and is excreted in saliva before/after swelling
125
measles - pathogenesis
Viremia important… primary infection in respiratory tract and multiplies in epithelium/local lymph nodes/conjunctiva results in viremia 3 days prior to rash, virus excretion from respiratory tract and in tears and urine for a few days before/after rash
126
mumps - incubation period
18-21 days
127
measles - incubation period
14 days
128
parainfluenza (1-4) - signs and symptoms
fever, croup: dyspnea and stridor (high pitched inspiration)
129
respiratory synctial virus (RSV) - signs and symptoms
fever
130
mumps - signs and symptoms
Prodromal fever/malaise/anorexia followed by uni/bilateral swelling of parotid glands. Usual presenting symptom is parotiditis.
131
measles - signs and symptoms
Prodromal: fever, cold-like symptoms, Koplik spots (bright red lesions with central white spot on buccal mucosa), conjunctivitis, photophobia… anergy of cell-mediated immunity… severe hemorrhagic rash in fatal cases (death from fatal synergism of measles and malnutrition)… SSPE symptoms include insidious onset of intellectual deterioration/psych disturbances/fatal with terminal paralysis and blindness
132
paramyxoviruses - lab diagnostics
hemagglutination (plus other methods for measles)
133
measles - lab diagnostics
Hemagglutination, multi-nucleaed giant cells in lymph tissue (result of virus-induced cell fusion), SSPE: see inclusion bodies w/helical nucleocapsids + high Ab titers to measles virus + CNS has measles antigen
134
respiratory synctial virus (RSV) - vaccines
none available
135
mumps - vaccines
live attenuated (MMR, twice)
136
measles - vaccines
live attenuated (MMR, twice)
137
parainfluenza (1-4) - chemotherapy
severe croup treated with glucocorticoids
138
respiratory synctia virus (RSV) - chemotherapy
Ribovirin: aerosol to treat RSV (efficacy unknown) in high-risk patients and severe infections… Passive immunization of high-risk infants (premature, pulmonary displasia) with mAb against RSV (prevents severe RSV pneumonia)
139
measles - chemotherapy
vitamin A reduces mortality but no antiviral therapy available
