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Reproduction > Viruses of the Genital Tract > Flashcards

Viruses of the Genital Tract Flashcards

1
Q

How are viruses transferred? Give examples of each

A

Horizontal - venereal (lesions in genital tract) or spread from other sites (haematogenous/ascending)

Vertical - from mother to offspring (placenta, genital tract or milk)

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2
Q

What may cause reproductive failure if infected with a virus?

A

Viral replication in foetus leading to malformation or death - Damage to placental blood vessels - Stress and pyrexia due to viral infection

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3
Q

What is a carrier animal?

A

An animal which sheds the virus but shows no obvious clinical signs

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4
Q

What ways can a carrier animal pass viral infection?

A

Semen - Respiratory secretions - Faeces

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5
Q

What viruses affect the reproductive system of a horse?

A

Equine herpesvirus (EHV) - Equine arteritis virus (EAV)

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6
Q

What types of EHV are there? Which will cause abortion?

A

EHV-1 (causes abortion) - EHV-3 - EHV-4 (sometimes causes abortion)

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7
Q

When a mare is infected with EHV-1 when would you expect the abortion to occur? What other signs are there of it being EHV-1?

A

Last third of pregnancy - Lung oedema and multifocal necrosis in liver, lungs and spleen

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8
Q

In the case of an abortion with a mare what procedures should be carried out?

A

Isolate affected mare - Collect foetus and placenta for antigen testing - Serum samples in mare for antibody titre

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9
Q

How would you prevent EHV in mares?

A

Isolate pregnant mares in last trimester - Vaccination of all animals on premises (EHV-1 and EHV-4)

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10
Q

What does EAV stand for?

A

Equine Arteritis Virus

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11
Q

How does EAV enter the mare?

A

Via respiratory tract or semen of infected stallion

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12
Q

Where does EAV infect and what does it cause?

A

Macrophages and endothelial cells - Arteritis

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13
Q

Why might it be difficult to diagnose EAV?

A

Can be subclinical - Stallions shed persistently/intermittently - Virus persists in accessory glands - Doesn’t persist in mare

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14
Q

What makes EAV a notifiable disease?

A

Clinical signs observed in stallion or found by investigation - Clinical signs in mated mare or laboratory tests indicate EAV

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15
Q

When vaccinating stallions what do you have to confirm?

A

Confirm that the stallion is antibody negative before vaccination

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16
Q

What viruses infect the reproductive tract of cattle?

A

Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) - Bovine herpesviruses - Schmallenberg virus - Bluetongue virus

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17
Q

What causes BVDV? How is it transmitted and where does it replicate and shed?

A

Pestivirus - Transmitted via semen - Replicates in respiratory and enteric tract - Sheds in respiratory and faeces

18
Q

What is the equivalent of BVDV in sheep?

A

Border disease virus

19
Q

What happens if BVDV infects during the first trimester?

A

(0-110 days) - embryonic death, resorption/abortion - possible persistent infection (PI calf)

20
Q

What happens if BVDV infects during the second trimester?

A

(111-190 days) - Abortion/mummification - Possible PI - congenital deformities (esp 125-175 days)

21
Q

What happens if BVDV infects during the third trimester?

A

(after 191 days) - occasional abortions/stillbirths/weak calves - predominately normal calves

22
Q

How can BVDV be controlled and prevented?

A

Vaccination before pregnancy - Identify and remove persistently infected animals (antigen tests) - Eradication programs

23
Q

What causes Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1)?

A

Respiratory disease -> Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)

Reproductive tract disease -> Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV) or Infectious balanoposthitis (IBP)

24
Q

A cow has had an abortion at 4-8 months of gestation - It has a history of a respiratory infection a few weeks ago - On post mortem the foetus has necrosis of the liver and lung

What is a like diagnosis?

A

BHV-1

25
Q

How can BHV-1 be diagnosed?

A

Immunofluorescence/immuno-peroxidase on foetal tissues

26
Q

A foetus is aborted with arthrogryposis (multiple joint contractions) and hydranencephaly (cerebellar hypoplasia), what is the likely diagnosis?

A

Schmallenberg virus

27
Q

How would you diagnose Schmallenburg virus?

A

PCR of brain tissue - Histopathology - Foetal and Maternal serology

28
Q

What viruses cause reproductive failure in pigs?

A

Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome (PRRS) - Porcine parvovirus - Influenza virus - Porcine circovirus 2 - Suid herpesvirus 1 (Aujeszky’s disease) - Swine fever

29
Q

How does PRRS spread?

A

Respiratory tract via aerosol or genital tract via infected semen

30
Q

What clinical signs does PRRS cause?

A

Respiratory disease and oedema - Immunosuppression - Abortions/mummification/premature piglets

31
Q

How would you diagnose PRRS?

A

PCR of lymphoid tissue such as the spleen

32
Q

Why is PRRS hard to control via screening and vaccinations?

A

Quickly mutates, quick circulation of genetic and antigenic variants

33
Q

What does SMEDI stand for? What causes this in pigs?

A

Stillbirths, Mummification, Embryonic death and Infertility - Porcine parvovirus

34
Q

How is porcine parvovirus transmitted? How does it infect the foetus?

A

Oro-faecal transmission - Transplacental infection

35
Q

How would you diagnose porcine parvovirus?

A

PCR of liver/heart tissues - Foetal fluid serology in older foetuses - Immunofluorescence on frozen foetal liver (viral antigen FAT) - Virus isolation (expensive and ineffective)

36
Q

How is porcine parvovirus controlled and prevented?

A

Vaccination

37
Q

A sow presents with abortion, respiratory disease and pyrexia (>41). What is a likely cause of this?

A

Swine influenza

38
Q

What normally causes abortions with Swine influenza infection?

A

Disease of the sow - transplacental very rare

39
Q

What is Porcine Circovirus-2 normally associated with?

A

Abortions and weak piglets (not in UK) - Post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) - Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)

40
Q

A litter of piglets is presented with high mortality and CNS signs. The sows seems to have a respiratory disease. Other sows are having stillbirths/abortions. What is a likely cause?

A

Aujeszky’s disease

41
Q

What virus can cause reproductive failure in the dog? How?

A

Canine herpesvirus (CHV) - Infection during or just after birth (contact with birth canal) causes organ necrosis and death (allowed by immature immune system)

42
Q

What viruses can cause reproductive failure in cats? How?

A 
Feline Leukaemia virus - transplacental causes resorption/abortion
Feline parvovirus (feline panleukaemia virus) - abortion or cerebellar hypoplasia

Reproduction (12 decks)

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