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Grade 11 Biology > Viruses, Immunity, Protists, & Fungi > Flashcards

Viruses, Immunity, Protists, & Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

“Bacteria infected and killed by viruses”

True or False?

A

True

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2
Q

Viruses structure

A

Contain DNA or RNA (protein coat) called a capsid

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3
Q

What is the “job” of a virus?

A

Infects a host cell to reproduce and takes control of the cell’s ribosomes to reproduce

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4
Q

Do viruses remain dormant in host cells and may re-emerge and cause an infection?

True or False?

A

True.

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5
Q

An example of a re-emerged infection

A

Chickenpox

- red, itchy

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6
Q

Examples of cancers triggered by viral infections

A

Hepatitis C –> liver cancer

HPV –> Cancer of cervix (genital warts)

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7
Q

Examples of virus

A

Tobacco mosaic virus, bacteriophage, adenovirus, HIV, and corona virus

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8
Q

Acute Infection (Lytic Cycle) Examples

A

Cold
Influneza
Coronavirus

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9
Q

Chronic Infection (Lysogenic Cycle)

A

Chickenpox –> shingles
Herpes
HPV –> cervical cancer

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10
Q

Difference between Lytic and Lysogenic Cycle

A

The lytic cycle involves the reproduction of viruses using a host cell to manufacture more viruses; the viruses then burst out of the cell whereas the lysogenic cycle involves the incorporation of the viral genome into the host cell genome, infecting it from within.

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11
Q

What is gene therapy?

A

Use of genes to prevent diseases

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12
Q

Advantage of gene therapy

A

treatment for inherited diseases such as cystic fibrosis

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13
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

inherited disorder which causes damage to the lungs, digestive system and other organs in the body. It affects the cells that produce sweat, mucus and digestive juices.

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14
Q

What are the three different types of barriers?

A

Mechanical barrier, chemical barrier, and biological barrier

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15
Q

What is the function of the different types of barriers?

A

Keep most of pathogens out of body such as bacteria and viruses

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16
Q

What is the function of the mechanical barrier?

A

It physically blocks pathogens from entering the body. The outer layer of the skin

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17
Q

What is the function of the mucous membranes in the mechanical barrier?

A

mucous traps pathogens and sweeps pathogens towards body openings

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18
Q

What is the structure of the mucous membrane?

A

Hair-like cilia

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19
Q

Other examples of mechanical barriers?

A

Respiritory GI, urinary, reproductive tracts

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20
Q

How does the mechanical barrier sweep pathgoens towards the body openings?

A

When you sneeze, cough it removes pathogens from throat and nose. Tears wash pathogens from eyes and urine from urinary tract

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21
Q

What is the function of the chemical barrier?

A

It destroys pathogens

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22
Q

What kills the pathogens in the chemical barrier?

A

Sweat, mucus, tears, and saliva enzymes kill the pathogens

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23
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A pathogen is an organism that causes disease

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24
Q

What are the 5 pathogens?

A

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and worms

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25
Q

What is the function of the biological barrier?

A

Living organisms help protect the body

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26
Q

An example of biological barrier

A

Millions of harmless bacteria live on human skin

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27
Q

What is the lympatic system?

A

It is a major part of the immune system

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28
Q

What is the function of the lympatic system?

A

It produces leukocytes called lymphocytes

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29
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

They are white blood cells that help your body fight germs

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30
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Type of red blood cells which play an important role in our immune system by helping our body fight off infection.

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31
Q

What is the function of the lymphocytes?

A

They recognize and help destroy particular pathogens such as they destroy certain cancer cells

32
Q

What are the 4 parts of the lymphatic system structure?

A

Bone marrow, thymus, spleen, and tonsils

33
Q

What is the function of the bone marrow?

A

It produces lymphocytes

34
Q

What is the function of the thymus?

A

It stores and matures lymphocytes

35
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

It filters pathogens and worn out blood cells

36
Q

What is the function of the tonsils?

A

It traps pathogens

37
Q

What are the two major cell types of lymphocytes?

A

B cells and T cells

38
Q

Where do the B cells mature?

A

Bone marrow

39
Q

Where do the T cells mature?

A

Thymus

40
Q

What is the “job” of the antigen recognition?

A

B and T cells recognize and respinds to antigens on pathogens

41
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Antigens are proteins immune system recognizes as foreign.

42
Q

Where are antigens found on the immune system?

A

They are found on cancer cells and cells of transplanted organs

43
Q

Why are transplanted organ rejected by recipient’s immune system?

A

Antigens may be found on the cells of the transplanted organs

44
Q

What happens when the immune system is out of balance?

A

Resulting in an overactive or underactive immune system

45
Q

What is an examples of an overactive immune system?

A

Allergic reactions

46
Q

What could an individual be allergic to when immune system is out of balance?

A

Dust, mold, pollen, and certain foods

47
Q

What happens in the immune system when a person has allergic reactions?

A

Antibodies release histamines

48
Q

What are the allergic symptoms?

A

Extra fluid in the nasal pathways, difficulty breathing, and hives

49
Q

How would you treat an allergic reaction?

A

It could be treated with antihistamines to stop the release of histamines

50
Q

Name 4 different diseases of the immune system

A

Rheumatoid arthritis
Type 1 diabetes
Multiple sclerosis
Lupus

51
Q

What is immunodeficiency?

A

Disorders which prevent our body from fighting infections and diseases

52
Q

Disadvantage of immunodeficiency?

A

It cannot fight off pathogens that a normal immune system would be able to resist

53
Q

Is our immune system less effective as people get older?

True or False

A

True

54
Q

Is our immune system damaged by disorders?

True or False

A

True

55
Q

What disorders damages our immune system?

A

Obesity, drug abuse, and certain medications

56
Q

What does AIDS stand for?`

A

Acquired immunodeficiency` syndrome

57
Q

What is AIDS

A

It is a chronic, potentially life threatening condition cause by immunodeficiency virus called HIV. It interferes with your body’s ability to fight infection and disease.

58
Q

What is the function of AIDS?

A

HIV destroys person’s helper T cells

59
Q

Prions

A

Misform of proteins that can induce normal proteins around them to also misfold and accumulate.

60
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

One cell engulfing another and both benefiting from relationship

61
Q

Endosymbiont

A

Cell that lives within another cell (host)

62
Q

Mitchondrian

A

Once free living bacteria cell which uses oxygen to create ATP from sugars

63
Q

Chloroplast

A

Once free living bacteria cell which forms sugars for photsynthesis

64
Q

What are protists/protozoa?

A

They are all eukaryotic organisms

65
Q

4 features of protists/protozoa

A 
Mostly unicellular (except algae)
All eukaryotes that are nor plants, animals, and fungi
Photosynthetic (important producers)
Serious human diseases such as malaria, and African sleeping sickness which is difficult to treat as well as antibodies don't work?
66
Q

Do protists represent a true clade?

True or False

A

False, better to divide into groups

67
Q

Example of a protist

A

Euglena

68
Q

2 Examples of a large unicellular and photosynthetic protists

A

Green Kelp and Algae

69
Q

3 Examples of protist which is a parasite of humans

A

Plasmodium(malaria)
Trypanosome(African sleeping sickness)
Giardia( ‘beaver fever’)

70
Q

4 characteristics of fungi

A
  • Most of the fungi are multicellular heterotrophs
  • Reproduce asexually and sexually
  • Important decomposers
  • Produce cheeses, bread and fermented beverages
71
Q

Are fungi part of their own clade?

A

Yes

72
Q

Are all fungi species green and photosynthetic?

A

NO, all fungi species are not green and photosynthetic as they can cause diseases such as ringworm and lung infections

73
Q

Can fungi harm things and structures?

A

Yes

74
Q

3 things that harm things and structures

A
  • Harvested fruit spoils each year–> fungal growth
  • Tree species–> fungus infection
  • Wooden buildings and bridges
75
Q

Advantage of fungi to humans

A

We got antibiotic penicillin and antirejection drug cyclosporine which is used by organ transplant recipients

Grade 11 Biology (4 decks)

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