- groups of organisms descended from common ancestor - can be nested(small inside larger) - two descendants that split from the same node--> sister groups

Early Life Flashcards by Warrisha Warrisha

What is Taxonomy?

Classifying organisms

-physical characteristics

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What is Phylogeny?

Classifying based on “evolutionary” relatedness

- ie. DNA analysis

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Homeostasis

Maintaining balance (kidneys, pH, hormones)

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Organization

Compartmentalized molecules

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Metabolism

Using or creating macromolecules

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Growth

Building new molecules

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Adaption

Adjusting to new enviornment

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Response

Sensing + Responding

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Reproduction

Creating offspring

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What does LUCA stand for?

Last Universal Common Ancestor

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What are the three different types of domains?

Bacteria, Archea, and Eukarya

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What is Cladograms?

groups of organisms descended from common ancestor
can be nested(small inside larger)
two descendants that split from the same node–> sister groups

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What are the four characteristics of bacteria?

Single celled, prokaryotic(no nucleus), reproduce asexually by binary fission, DNA composed of large circular chromosome

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What is the function of the capsule of a cell?

Protection, evade immune system

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What is the function of the cell wall of a cell?

Structure, eubacteria contains peptidoglycan

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What is the function of the cell membrane of a cell?

Controls entrance and exit of substances

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What is the function of the cytoplasm of a cell?

“jelly” which fills the cell

What is the function of the DNA(chromosome) of a cell?

Very large single DNA helix, joined by a circle

What is the function of the DNA(plasmids) of a cell?

Small DNA circles, passed from cell to cell

What is the function of the ribosomes of a cell?

Build protein from amino acids

What is the function of the food granule of a cell?

Food that bacteria engulfed

What is the function of the pili(pilus) of a cell?

Projection on surface used to trade plasmids

What is the function of the flagellum of a cell?

“tail” movement

Binary Fission

“splitting into two” (instead of mitosis in eukaryotic cells)

Sporulaton

cell starts to divide forms a protective coat around spore - can survive harsh/dry conditions for many years

Conjugation

one bacteria cell "jabs" second cell with pilus | copy of plasmid can pass to new cell

Gram- positive cocci colour?

purple

Gram- positive bacilli colour?

purple

Gram- negative cocci colour?

red

Gram- negative bacilli colour?

red

What are the three shapes of bacteria?

cocci, bacilli, and others

What shape is cocci?

round

What shape is bacilli?

cylinder- rod

What is the shape of the other bacteria?

spiral

What is Normal Human Flora?

humans infants born sterile

How is natural flora accumulated?

Vaginal canal Breastfeeding Putting hands in mouth

Advantages of Normal Human Flora

Fewer cases of eczema, allergies, and asthma

What is Gut Flora?

Produces vitamin B and K

An Advantage of Gut Flora

Reduce likelihood of intestinal illness such as Irritable Bowel Disorder

2 Disadvantages of Gut Flora

``` Severe infections (C.difficile) treated with fecal transplant Connected to obesity ```

Advantage of External/Epidermal Flora

Prevents cases of skin infections and eczema