Early Life

Question 1

What is Taxonomy?

Answer 1

Classifying organisms

-physical characteristics

Question 2

What is Phylogeny?

Answer 2

Classifying based on “evolutionary” relatedness

- ie. DNA analysis

Question 3

Homeostasis

Answer 3

Maintaining balance (kidneys, pH, hormones)

Question 4

Organization

Answer 4

Compartmentalized molecules

Question 5

Metabolism

Answer 5

Using or creating macromolecules

Question 6

Growth

Answer 6

Building new molecules

Question 7

Adaption

Answer 7

Adjusting to new enviornment

Question 8

Response

Answer 8

Sensing + Responding

Question 9

Reproduction

Answer 9

Creating offspring

Question 10

What does LUCA stand for?

Answer 10

Last Universal Common Ancestor

Question 11

What are the three different types of domains?

Answer 11

Bacteria, Archea, and Eukarya

Question 12

What is Cladograms?

Answer 12

• groups of organisms descended from common ancestor
• can be nested(small inside larger)
• two descendants that split from the same node–> sister groups

Question 13

What are the four characteristics of bacteria?

Answer 13

Single celled, prokaryotic(no nucleus), reproduce asexually by binary fission, DNA composed of large circular chromosome

Question 14

What is the function of the capsule of a cell?

Answer 14

Protection, evade immune system

Question 15

What is the function of the cell wall of a cell?

Answer 15

Structure, eubacteria contains peptidoglycan

Question 16

What is the function of the cell membrane of a cell?

Answer 16

Controls entrance and exit of substances

Question 17

What is the function of the cytoplasm of a cell?

Answer 17

“jelly” which fills the cell

Question 18

What is the function of the DNA(chromosome) of a cell?

Answer 18

Very large single DNA helix, joined by a circle

Question 19

What is the function of the DNA(plasmids) of a cell?

Answer 19

Small DNA circles, passed from cell to cell

Question 20

What is the function of the ribosomes of a cell?

Answer 20

Build protein from amino acids

Question 21

What is the function of the food granule of a cell?

Answer 21

Food that bacteria engulfed

Question 22

What is the function of the pili(pilus) of a cell?

Answer 22

Projection on surface used to trade plasmids

Question 23

What is the function of the flagellum of a cell?

Answer 23

“tail” movement

Question 24

Binary Fission

Answer 24

“splitting into two” (instead of mitosis in eukaryotic cells)

Question 25

Sporulaton

Answer 25

cell starts to divide
forms a protective coat around spore
- can survive harsh/dry conditions for many years

Question 26

Conjugation

Answer 26

one bacteria cell “jabs” second cell with pilus

copy of plasmid can pass to new cell

Question 27

Gram- positive cocci colour?

Answer 27

purple

Question 28

Gram- positive bacilli colour?

Answer 28

purple

Question 29

Gram- negative cocci colour?

Answer 29

red

Question 30

Gram- negative bacilli colour?

Answer 30

red

Question 31

What are the three shapes of bacteria?

Answer 31

cocci, bacilli, and others

Question 32

What shape is cocci?

Answer 32

round

Question 33

What shape is bacilli?

Answer 33

cylinder- rod

Question 34

What is the shape of the other bacteria?

Answer 34

spiral

Question 35

What is Normal Human Flora?

Answer 35

humans infants born sterile

Question 36

How is natural flora accumulated?

Answer 36

Vaginal canal
Breastfeeding
Putting hands in mouth

Question 37

Advantages of Normal Human Flora

Answer 37

Fewer cases of eczema, allergies, and asthma

Question 38

What is Gut Flora?

Answer 38

Produces vitamin B and K

Question 39

An Advantage of Gut Flora

Answer 39

Reduce likelihood of intestinal illness such as Irritable Bowel Disorder

Question 40

2 Disadvantages of Gut Flora

Answer 40

Severe infections (C.difficile) treated with fecal transplant
Connected to obesity

Question 41

Advantage of External/Epidermal Flora

Answer 41

Prevents cases of skin infections and eczema