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Case 12: Female Reproductive System > Viruses & Cancers > Flashcards

Viruses & Cancers Flashcards

1
Q

What does cancer result from

A

Abnormal gene expression

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2
Q

What is a virus mechanism of action

A

Manipulate & interfere w/ gene expression in cells they infect to be able to replicate inside the cell & take control of cell & instruct to make new virions

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3
Q

What is the 5 links between viruses & cancer

A

Cancer prevalent at site of viral infection
Individual with caner have persistent viral infection
Cell tropism of virus is same as cell of origin of tumor
Viral nuclei acid in tumour cells
Cancer decrease in preventative measures are put in place to reduce incidence of viral infection

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4
Q

What is oncogenesis

A

Cancer is a multi step & multi chance process of genes before control over cell cycle is lost
Presence of virus is one event & requires another event to progress to malignancy

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5
Q

Why is it important to know what viruses caused cancer

A

To put preventative strategies into place

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6
Q

What are 5 ways of viral oncogenes

A

Inactivation of tumour suppressor proteins
Interference with programmed cell death
Interfere with cell senescence (telomerases)
Interference with DNA repair
Interfere with cell cycle control

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7
Q

What is direct oncogenesis

A

Virus infection evade immune response & persist long term by transforming the cell & proliferate. This disrupt repair mechanisms making DNA vulnerable to damage.
If exposed to carcinogens factors/Immunosupression it can lead to cancer

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8
Q

What is indirect oncogenesis

A

Not all cancer causing pathogens transform infected cell directly some cause cancer by persistence & chronic inflammation
DNA damage accumulate due to cell death & regeneration of infected cells

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9
Q

What is 2 examples of indirect oncogenesis

A

HCC due to chronic HBV & HCV
Gastric cancer due to H Pylori

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10
Q

Why does virus transform cells

A

Produce new viral proteins

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11
Q

How does viruses transform cells

A

Stimulate cell proliferation & as cell divide a copy of the virus genome is integrated into daughter cell forming transformed cell that multiply faster & immortal

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12
Q

What is a transformed cell

A

Altered morphology & genome instability
Loose contact inhibition & grow on top of each other

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13
Q

Why does transformation occur

A

To persist in the host & evade immune system

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14
Q

What cells does HPV infect

A

Epithelial surfaces where it causes proliferative lesions at site of inoculation
Basal epithelial where replication of DNA occur

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15
Q

What is the pathogenesis of HPV infection

A

Epithelial cells mature, production of structural viral proteins & virus particles are shed
Infected cell desquamate & viral genome is integrated into host DNA
Inactivate regulatory genes & increase proliferation of infected cell

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16
Q

How does Epstein Barr virus persist

A

Establish latent infection in B lymphocytes

17
Q

What is Epstein Barr virus associated with

A

Rare malignant & pre-malignant disorders of B cells/epithelial cells

18
Q

What are the normal life cycle of B cells

A

Short-lived cells made in the bone marrow & released into the blood & circulate through lymphoid tissue to find Ag that the B cell receptor recognize & if not they die

19
Q

What is the life cycle of EBV infected B cell

A

Virus express number of genes that transform the B cell to become immortal & proliferate to pass virus on to daughter cell

20
Q

How does EBV manifest in a healthy person

A

Kept in check by T cells but still carry EBV in B cells

21
Q

How does EBV manifest in a immunosupressed person

A

B cell increase in number of cells & initially polyclonal then monoclonal malignancy

22
Q

What is another factors that will increase B cell proliferation of EBV

A

Genetic abnormalities that accumulated

23
Q

What is HTLV1 & what does it cause

A

Retrovirus
T cell leukaemia

24
Q

What is the pathogenesis of HTLV1

A

Enzyme reverse transcriptase which converts RNA genome into DNA of T cells & virus integrate into host genomes & cause clonal expansion of infected cell by activating 2 oncoprotein Tax & HBZ

25
Q

What is the complication of adult T cell leukaemia

A

Most asymptomatic
ATL
TSP

26
Q

What cancer risk does HBV increase

A

HCC

27
Q

What is HBV mechanism of oncogenesis

A

Indirect

28
Q

Why does chronic HBV increase HCC risk

A

Ongoing immune mediated damage to liver with cycles of regeneration of liver cells & sensitized to effect of co-carcinogens

29
Q

To what cancer to HCV predispose you to

A

HCC

30
Q

What is the pathogenesis of HCV

A

RNA virus that does not transform infected cell but persist in host due to immune evasions tactics (replication & immune mediated damage to livers cells)

Case 12: Female Reproductive System (10 decks)

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