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Case 12: Female Reproductive System > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the 2 layers of the ovaries

A

Cortex & medulla

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2
Q

What are the 2 tissue types in the cortex

A

Germinal epithelium (simple squamous to cuboidal)
Tunica albuginae (thin connective tissue)

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3
Q

What is the 5 things in the cortex

A

Primordial follicle
Maturing follicles
Atretic follicles
Surrounding fibrous stroma
Corpus luteum & - albicans

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4
Q

What are the 4 tissue types in medulla

A

Connective tissue
Interstitial cels
Nerves
Blood vessels

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5
Q

When does oogenesis start & what occur

A

Starts during embryonic development
Mitosis to produce oogonia

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6
Q

When does meiosis I start & stops

A

At 5 months of embryonic development
Arrest at prophase 1 as primordial follicle

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7
Q

What is a primordial follicle

A

Oocyte surrounded by single layer of simple squamous epithelium

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8
Q

What happens when primordial follicle gets activated

A

Becomes a primary follicle as the flattened granuloma cells becomes cuboidal

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9
Q

What happens with the late primary follicle

A

Granulosa cells secrete glycoprotein to form the zona pellucida & granulosa cells proliferate to form multi laminar zona granulosa (stratified cuboidal cells)

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10
Q

What is the function of the zona pellucida

A

Sperm bind during fertilization

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11
Q

What is the cell cell communication

A

Cytoplasmic processes for granulosa cells to coordinate the growth of primary oocyte

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12
Q

What occur every month since puberty start with ovarian cycle

A

One of maturing follicle will be selected under influence of FSH & LH

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13
Q

What happens with a secondary follicle

A

Zona granulosa thickens by proliferation
Deeper follicle cells secrete fluid to form antrum
Surrounding ovarian stroma forms theca internal & externa

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14
Q

What is the theca interna

A

Vascularized cell layer adjacent to basal lamina w/ cholesterol droplets

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15
Q

What is the theca externa

A

Fibrous cellular layer continuous with ovarian stroma (capsule like layer)

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16
Q

What is the process that occur between granulosa cells & theca interna cells

A

LH binds to theca interna cells & stimulate production of androstenedione they gets released into extracellular environment and into the granulosa cell & gets converted to aromatase then estradiol
FSH also stimulate this conversion at the granulosa cell by binding to activin
Inhibin inhibits FSH and decrease amount of estradiol being formed

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17
Q

What happens with a tertiary/antral follicle

A

One secondary follicle develop by antrum growing in size (liquor folliculi)
Estrogen levels continue to rise & FSH & LH support growth of oocyte

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18
Q

What happens with a mature Graafian/pre-ovulatory follcile

A

Surge in LH leads to completion of meiosis I
Primary oocyte divide into secondary oocyte & first polar body
Meiosis II starts & pause at metaphase

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19
Q

What are the 3 regions of granulosa cells in a mature Graafian follicle

A

Corona radiata: layer of granulosa cells firmly anchored to zona pellucida (by zona penetrating cellular processes)
Cumulus oophorous: cluster of granulosa cells anchoring secondary oocyte to wall of follicle for nutrient delivery
Mural granulosa cells lining the wall of the follicle

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20
Q

What occur during ovulation

A

Follicle wall distended pressing against the wall of ovary & secrete proteolytic enzymes that digest ovary wall
Follicle wall rupture & release secondary oocyte surrounded by corona radiate onto surface of ovary & stick due to follicular fluid

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21
Q

How is the oocyte transported

A

Fimbraie captures the oocyte & corpus luteum remains behind

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22
Q

What stimulate corpus luteum growth

A

LH & FSH

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23
Q

What happens with the corpus luteum

A

Empty follicle collapse
Basement membrane between zona granulosa & theca lutein breaks down
Ruptured blood vessels bleed into antrum & antrum fills with connective tissue & new blood vessels form

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24
Q

What happens with the granulosa cells & theca interna cells of the corpus luteum

A

Granulosa cells become granulosa lutein that produce inhibin & estradiol
Theca interna cells become theca lutein cells that produce progesterone form cholesterol droplets

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25
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum when fertilization does not occur & how

A

Degrades to corpus albicans
Luteolysis: reduction in blood flow & macrophages invade & start apoptosis process

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26
Q

What occur due to formation of corpus albicans

A

Loss of progesterone

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27
Q

What is an atretic follcile

A

Remaining follicle that does not mature that degrade

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28
Q

How does a atretic follicle degrade

A

Delamination of granulosa cells into antrum
Cells she pyknotic nuclei (small condense nuclei) & break down into apoptosis bodies (fragmented nuclei)
Follicle collapse & resorted

29
Q

What is the 2 zones of the endometrium

A

Functional zone
Basilar zone

30
Q

What does the functional zone contain

A

Uterine glands & endometrial thickening

31
Q

What does the basilar zone contain

A

Attaches the endometrium & myometrium with terminal branches of glands

32
Q

Where is the vasculature of the uterus

A

In the myometrium

33
Q

What is the flow of blood in the uterus

A

Branches of uterine artery flow into arcuate artery encircling the endometrium
Arcuate artery flows into the radial artery that spilts into the straight artery flowing to the basilar zone & spiral artery that flows into the functional zone

34
Q

When & why does menses occur

A

Day 1-7
Absence of progesterone to maintain endometrial lining

35
Q

What occur during menses

A

Spiral arteries contract that reduce blood flow causing ischemia, hypoxia & decreased nutrient supply
Resulting in glands & tissue of functional zone deterioration
Artery wall rupture & blood leaks into stroma
Blood cells & degenerating tissue break away into cavity & pass through vagina

36
Q

What zone of endometrium changes in menses

A

Functional zone
Basilar zone remain unchanged

37
Q

What occur during proliferation phase

A

Functional zone start to regenerate
Epithelial cell of uterine gland in basilar zone multiple & spread restoring uterine epithelium & uterine glands extend to broader with the basilar zone & produce glycogen rich mucous
Spiral arteries invade to re vascularize & restore functional zone
Endometrium increase in thickness

38
Q

What occur with the glands & epithelium during early proliferation phase

A

Glands regenerate & are almost straight
Epithelium glandular epithelium & stroma contains mitotic figure w/ nuclei at the base

39
Q

What occur with the glands & epithelium in the late proliferative phase

A

Glands regenerating gland being to look like cork-screw/coiled
Epithelium stroma is mesenchymal & oedamtous

40
Q

What happens in the early secretory phase (glands, secretion & vacuoles)

A

Continued thickening as glands become more coiled
Increased glycogen & glycoprotein production accumulating in basal vacuoles w/ nucleus displaced

41
Q

What happens in the late secretory phase (glands, secretion, stroma & arteries & vacuoles)

A

Glands are saw-toothed & contain secretions
Vacuoles are apically positioned
Stroma is highly oedamtous w/ lymphocytes
Spiral arteries lengthen w/ blood filled sinuses

42
Q

What is the uterine cervix

A

Links the uterine cavity with the vagina

43
Q

What is the 3 main parts of the uterine cervix

A

Endocervical canal
Junction/transitional zone
Ectocervix

44
Q

What is the epithelial cell type & appearance of the endocervical canal

A

Single tall columnar mucus secreting epithelial cells
Folded into deep furrows looking like glands

45
Q

What is the epithelial cell types of the ectocervix

A

Stratified squamous epithelium (similar to vagina & vulva)

46
Q

What is the mucous secretions of endocervical canal dependent on

A

Menstrual cycle

47
Q

What is the different type of mucous secretions by the endocervical canal

A

Proliferation phase: rising estrogen promote thin mucous secretion & that permits passage of sperm into uterus
After ovulation: mucous become viscous forming a plug to stop sperm & microorganism from entering

48
Q

What is the transitional zone during pre-puberty

A

Squamous columnar junction within endocervical canal away from acid pH of vagina

49
Q

What does the stroma of the uterine cervix contain

A

Collagenous tissues with some smooth muscle
Leucocytes for defense mechanisms

50
Q

What is the transitional zone during early puberty

A

Under influence of estradiol the stroma volume changes & columnar epithelium everted out into the vagina ectropion

51
Q

What is the transitional zone during reproductive age

A

New stratified squamous epithelium forms to protect against acidic environment
Squamous metaplasia

52
Q

Where does malignant changes occur

A

Transitional zone

53
Q

What is a Pap smear

A

Scraping cells from the transformative zone, smearing on a glass slide and staining

54
Q

What is the vagina

A

Muscular tube extending between cervix & exterior

55
Q

What is the histology of the vagina (epithelium, lamina propria & muscle)

A

Stratified squamous epithelium
Thick laminate propria containing elastic fibers, blood vessels & lymph nodes
Smooth muscle layer with inner circular & outer longitudinal

56
Q

What is the function of the blood vessels & glands in the laminate propria of vagina

A

Secretes fluid transudate (blood vessels) & mucus (glands) that moistens labia minora

57
Q

What is the effect of rising estrogen on the vaginal epithelium

A

Increase glycogen production that is metabolized by vaginal bacteria to lactic acid that inhibits pathogenic microorganisms

58
Q

What is the effect of contraceptive pill on the HPG axis

A

Inhibits synthesis & secretion of FSH
Inhibits LH surge & prevent ovulation (progesterone only pill has no effect)

59
Q

What does contraceptive pil contain

A

Progesterone
Progesterone & estrogen

60
Q

What is the effect of contraceptive pill on the cervix

A

Cervical mucous thickens & prevent sperm entry

61
Q

What is the effect of contraceptive pill on the endometrium

A

Endometrial lining thins that prevent implantation

62
Q

When does menopause occur

A

45-55

63
Q

What is menopause

A

Termination of uterine cycle

64
Q

What is peri-menopause

A

Ovarian & uterine cycles irregular due to shortage of primordial follicles

65
Q

Why does ovulation not occur during menopause

A

Cyclical production of oestrogen & progesterone ceases

66
Q

What hormones levels increase during menopause

A

GnRH, LH & FSH

67
Q

What genital tract organs undergo atrophy during menopause

A

Endometrium (functional zone) thins
Glands become sparse
Myometrium atrophy

68
Q

What genital tract organs reduce in size

A

Breast & uterus

Case 12: Female Reproductive System (10 decks)

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