Viruses and the Immune System: Good vs. Evil (lectures) Flashcards
What do we need to be protected from?
things that aren’t you: viruses
How are we protected?
sdfaggdsafs
Who’s the “bad guy” in this thing of good vs. evil?
viruses
Things that aren’t you: what are they?
- viruses
T/F: most viruses are useful
F: most viruses are harmful - some are useful
Are viruses alive?
no
One of three molecular tools used in viruses:
reverse transcriptase
Properties of living things
- cells obey laws of energetics
- cells are highly structured
- cells metabolize
- CELLS DIVIDE (self-replicate)
- cels osmoregulate
- cells communicate
- cells show animation
- cells grow, divide, and differentiate
- cells die
T/F: viruses cells divide on their own
F: they have to infect a cell and use its machinery to produce new viruses
What are the three criteria that viruses do not meet?
- obeying laws of energetics
- being highly structured
- metabolizing
name 2 general categories of viruses
hiohgyggoh
name two general ways that viruses behave
- they can slowly be released from the host cells
- OR they can blow up cells and spread that way
viruses have 2 things in common
- protein coat that protects the nucleic acid
- information: DNA or RNA
what is the good vs. bad?
virus vs. immune system
t/f: plants can get viruses
T
example of a virus
HIV
new viruses that come out of something
emerging viruses
What happens if a virus makes a bunch of copies of DNA quickly?
- viruses make mistakes
- viruses make a new organism; they mutated
what can be affected by sticking DNA in one’s genome?
they get in the wrong place
T/F: most viruses affect your whole body
F: viruses most of the time affect certain parts of your body
HIV makes your immune system fail
skldjfg;aj
How do we protect ourselves from stuff that isn’t us?
uiopyup
2 categories of things that protect you from infection
- Cells: macrophages
- Chemicals: interferons
macrophages
(large cells that eat large things)
interferons
- “paul revere”
- early warning system
- chemical signals sent to immune system to let it know when breaches occur
the body is ___ % bacteria
90
what happens when there is a tissue injury?
1 - release of chemical signals such as histamine
2 - dilation and increased leakiness of local blood vessels; migration of phagocytes to the area
T/F: your body has a built in antiviral protection
T
what does a cell become once it is infected by a virus? What is its function after it occurs?
a host; make more viruses
when outside forces, such as a staple, enter the body when they are not supposed to, what happens?
- bacteria come in (either from the staple or from you)
blood vessels are made up of:
cells, proteins, and fluids
PHAGOCYTOSIS
- THE PROCESS OF EATING BIG THINGS (chunks of cells, bacteria)
antibiotics
- used if the body cannot get rid of the bacteria
T/F: the white blood vessels have to travel far to get to the site of an injury
False: they do not have to travel far.
What ensures that white blood cells are always close by to any source of energy?
they are located all over the body
- all of your cells have to be close to blood cells
Why do all other cells have to be close to blood cells?
- blood cells provide oxygen, CO2, food
what other cells are involved to produce molecules?
- macrophages, lymphocytes (white blood cells)
two types of lymphocytes
- B cells
- T cells
what are lymphocytes?
- white blood cells
function of B cells
- produce antibodies
- determine what is you and what is not you
difference between antibodies and antibiotics
- antibodies: something you produce that helps you fight off infections
- antibiotics: prescribed by the doctor that kills infections
where in the body do B cells come from? what do they start as?
- the bone; blood stem cells
jobs of the immune system
- make a distinction between good and bad cells (what is you vs. what isn’t)
sometimes your own cells can attack other cells in your body that ARE you: what is this called?
auto-immune disease
give an example of an auto-immune disease
- lupus
- multiple-sclorosis
where do T cells come from?
- thymus
B cells are located in:
- lymphatic system
-
both B and T cells are:
lymphocytes
function of T cells
- kill the bacteria
B cells start in the ____, mature, and then go to the ____ ____
bone; lymphatic system
how do cells move through blood?
the heart
lymphatic system
- series of tube through which liquid moves
lymph nodes are like ___ ____ in the body that search for and detect things that aren’t you?
“check points”
what moves lymph fluid?
- muscles that move the body
what are antibodies?
- proteins
- produced by B cells
where are antibodies located?
- the lymph fluid
what is the main job of antibodies?
- they stick to antigens
antigens recognize a very ___ shape
specific
antibodies bind to ___
antigens
antigens are the things that ____are/aren’t___ you
aren’t
how does your body prepare for things that aren’t you?
B cells capable of making T/antibody molicules
antibodies are made of ___
protein
each b cell has its own ___ ____
unique genome
B cells and t cells can make ____ of proteins
trillions
receptors
- receive antigens
- stimulates a cell to start dividing
- two roles of receptor cells
- release antibodies into lymph fluid in blood to look for things that aren’t you.
antibody molecules
- memory cells
PURPOSE OF VACCINATION
YOU GET YOUR FIRST EXPOSURE TO ANTIGENS IN A CONTROLLED WAY
what does vaccination mean?
- comes from “vacca” cow
______ ______ took blood from cows and injected women with it to try to develop immunity from disease
- Edward Jenner
what do antibodies do?
- “stick” to viruses and bacteria and clump them together
- make soluble objects visible so they can be destroyed
- facilitate phagocytosis
- initiate the compliment system
list the different types of T cells
- cytotoxic
- helper
- memory
- regulatory
- “natural killer”
function of cytotoxic t cells
- kill what the body doesn’t want
- attack infected cells, cause them to self-destruct
what does the complement system do?
- it is initiated by antibodies that insert themselves in a hole int he parasite, and the parasites leak
