Viruses and the Immune System: Good vs. Evil (lectures)

Question 1

What do we need to be protected from?

Answer 1

things that aren’t you: viruses

Question 2

How are we protected?

Answer 2

sdfaggdsafs

Question 3

Who’s the “bad guy” in this thing of good vs. evil?

Answer 3

viruses

Question 4

Things that aren’t you: what are they?

Answer 4

• viruses

Question 5

T/F: most viruses are useful

Answer 5

F: most viruses are harmful - some are useful

Question 6

Are viruses alive?

Answer 6

no

Question 7

One of three molecular tools used in viruses:

Answer 7

reverse transcriptase

Question 8

Properties of living things

Answer 8

• cells obey laws of energetics
• cells are highly structured
• cells metabolize
• CELLS DIVIDE (self-replicate)
• cels osmoregulate
• cells communicate
• cells show animation
• cells grow, divide, and differentiate
• cells die

Question 9

T/F: viruses cells divide on their own

Answer 9

F: they have to infect a cell and use its machinery to produce new viruses

Question 10

What are the three criteria that viruses do not meet?

Answer 10

• obeying laws of energetics
• being highly structured
• metabolizing

Question 11

name 2 general categories of viruses

Answer 11

hiohgyggoh

Question 12

name two general ways that viruses behave

Answer 12

• they can slowly be released from the host cells

- OR they can blow up cells and spread that way

Question 13

viruses have 2 things in common

Answer 13

• protein coat that protects the nucleic acid

- information: DNA or RNA

Question 14

what is the good vs. bad?

Answer 14

virus vs. immune system

Question 15

t/f: plants can get viruses

Answer 15

T

Question 16

example of a virus

Answer 16

HIV

Question 17

new viruses that come out of something

Answer 17

emerging viruses

Question 18

What happens if a virus makes a bunch of copies of DNA quickly?

Answer 18

• viruses make mistakes

- viruses make a new organism; they mutated

Question 19

what can be affected by sticking DNA in one’s genome?

Answer 19

they get in the wrong place

Question 20

T/F: most viruses affect your whole body

Answer 20

F: viruses most of the time affect certain parts of your body

Question 21

HIV makes your immune system fail

Answer 21

skldjfg;aj

Question 22

How do we protect ourselves from stuff that isn’t us?

Answer 22

uiopyup

Question 23

2 categories of things that protect you from infection

Answer 23

• Cells: macrophages

- Chemicals: interferons

Question 24

macrophages

Answer 24

(large cells that eat large things)

Question 25

interferons

Answer 25

- "paul revere" - early warning system - chemical signals sent to immune system to let it know when breaches occur

Question 26

the body is ___ % bacteria

Answer 26

90

Question 27

what happens when there is a tissue injury?

Answer 27

1 - release of chemical signals such as histamine | 2 - dilation and increased leakiness of local blood vessels; migration of phagocytes to the area

Question 28

T/F: your body has a built in antiviral protection

Answer 28

T

Question 29

what does a cell become once it is infected by a virus? What is its function after it occurs?

Answer 29

a host; make more viruses

Question 30

when outside forces, such as a staple, enter the body when they are not supposed to, what happens?

Answer 30

- bacteria come in (either from the staple or from you)

Question 31

blood vessels are made up of:

Answer 31

cells, proteins, and fluids

Question 32

PHAGOCYTOSIS

Answer 32

- THE PROCESS OF EATING BIG THINGS (chunks of cells, bacteria)

Question 33

antibiotics

Answer 33

- used if the body cannot get rid of the bacteria

Question 34

T/F: the white blood vessels have to travel far to get to the site of an injury

Answer 34

False: they do not have to travel far.

Question 35

What ensures that white blood cells are always close by to any source of energy?

Answer 35

they are located all over the body | - all of your cells have to be close to blood cells

Question 36

Why do all other cells have to be close to blood cells?

Answer 36

- blood cells provide oxygen, CO2, food

Question 37

what other cells are involved to produce molecules?

Answer 37

- macrophages, lymphocytes (white blood cells)

Question 38

two types of lymphocytes

Answer 38

- B cells | - T cells

Question 39

what are lymphocytes?

Answer 39

- white blood cells

Question 40

function of B cells

Answer 40

- produce antibodies | - determine what is you and what is not you

Question 41

difference between antibodies and antibiotics

Answer 41

- antibodies: something you produce that helps you fight off infections - antibiotics: prescribed by the doctor that kills infections

Question 42

where in the body do B cells come from? what do they start as?

Answer 42

- the bone; blood stem cells

Question 43

jobs of the immune system

Answer 43

- make a distinction between good and bad cells (what is you vs. what isn't)

Question 44

sometimes your own cells can attack other cells in your body that ARE you: what is this called?

Answer 44

auto-immune disease

Question 45

give an example of an auto-immune disease

Answer 45

- lupus | - multiple-sclorosis

Question 46

where do T cells come from?

Answer 46

- thymus

Question 47

B cells are located in:

Answer 47

- lymphatic system | -

Question 48

both B and T cells are:

Answer 48

lymphocytes

Question 49

function of T cells

Answer 49

- kill the bacteria

Question 50

B cells start in the ____, mature, and then go to the ____ ____

Answer 50

bone; lymphatic system

Question 51

how do cells move through blood?

Answer 51

the heart

Question 52

lymphatic system

Answer 52

- series of tube through which liquid moves

Question 53

lymph nodes are like ___ ____ in the body that search for and detect things that aren't you?

Answer 53

"check points"

Question 54

what moves lymph fluid?

Answer 54

- muscles that move the body

Question 55

what are antibodies?

Answer 55

- proteins | - produced by B cells

Question 56

where are antibodies located?

Answer 56

- the lymph fluid

Question 57

what is the main job of antibodies?

Answer 57

- they stick to antigens

Question 58

antigens recognize a very ___ shape

Answer 58

specific

Question 59

antibodies bind to ___

Answer 59

antigens

Question 60

antigens are the things that ____are/aren't___ you

Answer 60

aren't

Question 61

how does your body prepare for things that aren't you?

Answer 61

B cells capable of making T/antibody molicules

Question 62

antibodies are made of ___

Answer 62

protein

Question 63

each b cell has its own ___ ____

Answer 63

unique genome

Question 64

B cells and t cells can make ____ of proteins

Answer 64

trillions

Question 65

receptors

Answer 65

- receive antigens | - stimulates a cell to start dividing

Question 66

- two roles of receptor cells

Answer 66

- release antibodies into lymph fluid in blood to look for things that aren't you.

Question 67

antibody molecules

Answer 67

- memory cells

Question 68

PURPOSE OF VACCINATION

Answer 68

YOU GET YOUR FIRST EXPOSURE TO ANTIGENS IN A CONTROLLED WAY

Question 69

what does vaccination mean?

Answer 69

- comes from "vacca" cow

Question 70

______ ______ took blood from cows and injected women with it to try to develop immunity from disease

Answer 70

- Edward Jenner

Question 71

what do antibodies do?

Answer 71

- "stick" to viruses and bacteria and clump them together - make soluble objects visible so they can be destroyed - facilitate phagocytosis - initiate the compliment system

Question 72

list the different types of T cells

Answer 72

- cytotoxic - helper - memory - regulatory - "natural killer"

Question 73

function of cytotoxic t cells

Answer 73

- kill what the body doesn't want | - attack infected cells, cause them to self-destruct

Question 74

what does the complement system do?

Answer 74

- it is initiated by antibodies that insert themselves in a hole int he parasite, and the parasites leak