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Biology 100 > Viruses and the Immune System: Good vs. Evil (lectures) > Flashcards

Viruses and the Immune System: Good vs. Evil (lectures) Flashcards

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1
Q

What do we need to be protected from?

A

things that aren’t you: viruses

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2
Q

How are we protected?

A

sdfaggdsafs

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3
Q

Who’s the “bad guy” in this thing of good vs. evil?

A

viruses

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4
Q

Things that aren’t you: what are they?

A
  • viruses
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5
Q

T/F: most viruses are useful

A

F: most viruses are harmful - some are useful

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6
Q

Are viruses alive?

A

no

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7
Q

One of three molecular tools used in viruses:

A

reverse transcriptase

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8
Q

Properties of living things

A
  • cells obey laws of energetics
  • cells are highly structured
  • cells metabolize
  • CELLS DIVIDE (self-replicate)
  • cels osmoregulate
  • cells communicate
  • cells show animation
  • cells grow, divide, and differentiate
  • cells die
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9
Q

T/F: viruses cells divide on their own

A

F: they have to infect a cell and use its machinery to produce new viruses

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10
Q

What are the three criteria that viruses do not meet?

A
  • obeying laws of energetics
  • being highly structured
  • metabolizing
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11
Q

name 2 general categories of viruses

A

hiohgyggoh

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12
Q

name two general ways that viruses behave

A
  • they can slowly be released from the host cells

- OR they can blow up cells and spread that way

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13
Q

viruses have 2 things in common

A
  • protein coat that protects the nucleic acid

- information: DNA or RNA

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14
Q

what is the good vs. bad?

A

virus vs. immune system

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15
Q

t/f: plants can get viruses

A

T

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16
Q

example of a virus

A

HIV

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17
Q

new viruses that come out of something

A

emerging viruses

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18
Q

What happens if a virus makes a bunch of copies of DNA quickly?

A
  • viruses make mistakes

- viruses make a new organism; they mutated

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19
Q

what can be affected by sticking DNA in one’s genome?

A

they get in the wrong place

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20
Q

T/F: most viruses affect your whole body

A

F: viruses most of the time affect certain parts of your body

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21
Q

HIV makes your immune system fail

A

skldjfg;aj

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22
Q

How do we protect ourselves from stuff that isn’t us?

A

uiopyup

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23
Q

2 categories of things that protect you from infection

A
  • Cells: macrophages

- Chemicals: interferons

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24
Q

macrophages

A

(large cells that eat large things)

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25
Q

interferons

A
  • “paul revere”
  • early warning system
  • chemical signals sent to immune system to let it know when breaches occur
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26
Q

the body is ___ % bacteria

A

90

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27
Q

what happens when there is a tissue injury?

A

1 - release of chemical signals such as histamine

2 - dilation and increased leakiness of local blood vessels; migration of phagocytes to the area

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28
Q

T/F: your body has a built in antiviral protection

A

T

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29
Q

what does a cell become once it is infected by a virus? What is its function after it occurs?

A

a host; make more viruses

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30
Q

when outside forces, such as a staple, enter the body when they are not supposed to, what happens?

A
  • bacteria come in (either from the staple or from you)
31
Q

blood vessels are made up of:

A

cells, proteins, and fluids

32
Q

PHAGOCYTOSIS

A
  • THE PROCESS OF EATING BIG THINGS (chunks of cells, bacteria)
33
Q

antibiotics

A
  • used if the body cannot get rid of the bacteria
34
Q

T/F: the white blood vessels have to travel far to get to the site of an injury

A

False: they do not have to travel far.

35
Q

What ensures that white blood cells are always close by to any source of energy?

A

they are located all over the body

- all of your cells have to be close to blood cells

36
Q

Why do all other cells have to be close to blood cells?

A
  • blood cells provide oxygen, CO2, food
37
Q

what other cells are involved to produce molecules?

A
  • macrophages, lymphocytes (white blood cells)
38
Q

two types of lymphocytes

A
  • B cells

- T cells

39
Q

what are lymphocytes?

A
  • white blood cells
40
Q

function of B cells

A
  • produce antibodies

- determine what is you and what is not you

41
Q

difference between antibodies and antibiotics

A
  • antibodies: something you produce that helps you fight off infections
  • antibiotics: prescribed by the doctor that kills infections
42
Q

where in the body do B cells come from? what do they start as?

A
  • the bone; blood stem cells
43
Q

jobs of the immune system

A
  • make a distinction between good and bad cells (what is you vs. what isn’t)
44
Q

sometimes your own cells can attack other cells in your body that ARE you: what is this called?

A

auto-immune disease

45
Q

give an example of an auto-immune disease

A
  • lupus

- multiple-sclorosis

46
Q

where do T cells come from?

A
  • thymus
47
Q

B cells are located in:

A
  • lymphatic system

-

48
Q

both B and T cells are:

A

lymphocytes

49
Q

function of T cells

A
  • kill the bacteria
50
Q

B cells start in the ____, mature, and then go to the ____ ____

A

bone; lymphatic system

51
Q

how do cells move through blood?

A

the heart

52
Q

lymphatic system

A
  • series of tube through which liquid moves
53
Q

lymph nodes are like ___ ____ in the body that search for and detect things that aren’t you?

A

“check points”

54
Q

what moves lymph fluid?

A
  • muscles that move the body
55
Q

what are antibodies?

A
  • proteins

- produced by B cells

56
Q

where are antibodies located?

A
  • the lymph fluid
57
Q

what is the main job of antibodies?

A
  • they stick to antigens
58
Q

antigens recognize a very ___ shape

A

specific

59
Q

antibodies bind to ___

A

antigens

60
Q

antigens are the things that ____are/aren’t___ you

A

aren’t

61
Q

how does your body prepare for things that aren’t you?

A

B cells capable of making T/antibody molicules

62
Q

antibodies are made of ___

A

protein

63
Q

each b cell has its own ___ ____

A

unique genome

64
Q

B cells and t cells can make ____ of proteins

A

trillions

65
Q

receptors

A
  • receive antigens

- stimulates a cell to start dividing

66
Q
  • two roles of receptor cells
A
  • release antibodies into lymph fluid in blood to look for things that aren’t you.
67
Q

antibody molecules

A
  • memory cells
68
Q

PURPOSE OF VACCINATION

A

YOU GET YOUR FIRST EXPOSURE TO ANTIGENS IN A CONTROLLED WAY

69
Q

what does vaccination mean?

A
  • comes from “vacca” cow
70
Q

______ ______ took blood from cows and injected women with it to try to develop immunity from disease

A
  • Edward Jenner
71
Q

what do antibodies do?

A
  • “stick” to viruses and bacteria and clump them together
  • make soluble objects visible so they can be destroyed
  • facilitate phagocytosis
  • initiate the compliment system
72
Q

list the different types of T cells

A
  • cytotoxic
  • helper
  • memory
  • regulatory
  • “natural killer”
73
Q

function of cytotoxic t cells

A
  • kill what the body doesn’t want

- attack infected cells, cause them to self-destruct

74
Q

what does the complement system do?

A
  • it is initiated by antibodies that insert themselves in a hole int he parasite, and the parasites leak

Biology 100 (5 decks)

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