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Biology 11 > Viruses and Prokaryotes chapter 20 > Flashcards

Viruses and Prokaryotes chapter 20 Flashcards

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1
Q

virus

A

a non living particle that is made of proteins, nucleic acids and sometimes lipids

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2
Q

Capsid

A

protein coat surrounding the virus

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3
Q

Bacteriophages

A

viruses that infect bacteria

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4
Q

lytic infection

A

a type of infection in which a virus enters a cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst

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5
Q

lysogenic infection

A

a type of infection in which a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated with the host cell’s DNA

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6
Q

Prophage

A

Bacteriophage DNA that becomes imbedded in the bacterial host’s DNA

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7
Q

Do most viruses contain RNA or DNA?

A

70% of viruses contain RNA

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8
Q

retrovirus

A

RNA virus that contains RNA as the genetic material

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9
Q

Prokaryotes

A

unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus

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10
Q

Are most prokaryotes Bacteria or Archaea?

A

Domain Bacteria (kingdom eubacteria)

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11
Q

What is a flagellum?

A

structure used by prokaryotes for wave like movement

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12
Q

What are pili?

A

structure used by bacteria to attach to other bacteria or to a surface

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13
Q

Which domain contains species that lack peptidoglycans?

A

domain Archaea

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14
Q

What is the name for the rod shaped bacteria?

A

bacilli

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15
Q

What is the name for sphere shaped bacteria?

A

cocci

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16
Q

What is the name for spiral shaped bacteria?

A

spirilla

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17
Q

How do heterotrophs get their energy? +ex

A

gets organic molecules from the environment and uses it as energy and carbon supply
ex. clostridium

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18
Q

How do photoheterotrophs get their energy? +ex

A

like heterotrophs, but also use light

ex. rhodobacter, chloroflexus

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19
Q

How do photoautotrophs get their energy?+ex

A

Uses light energy to convert CO2 into carbon compounds

ex. anabaena

20
Q

How do Chemoautotrophs get their energy?+ex

A

Uses energy released by chemical reactions involving ammonia, hydrogen sulphide etc.
ex. nitrobacter

21
Q

What is binary fission?

A

a form of asexual reproduction where a prokaryote replicates its DNA and divides in half, creating to identical daughter cells

22
Q

What is an endospore?

A

A thick internal wall that encloses DNA and a portion of the cytoplasm

23
Q

How does mutation happen in prokaryotes?

A

it is inherited by the daughter cells produced by binary fission

24
Q

What is conjugation?

A

A hollow bridge forms between two bacterial cells & DNA in the form of a plasmid moves from one cell to the other. The plasmid contains genes that give bacteria adaptations

25
Q

What do decomposers do?

A

Break down dead organisms and balance the equilibrium of the environment

26
Q

What do nitrogen fixers do?

A

Convert atmospheric nitrogen to a form that is usable to plants

27
Q

What the six human uses for bacteria?

A

making food (yogurt, kimchi, cheese), mining, cleaning oil spills, synthesizing drugs, botox

28
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Disease causing agents

29
Q

What are five examples of bacteria spread diseases?

A
  1. Lyme disease
  2. Tetanus
  3. Tuberculosis
  4. Bacterial menangitis
  5. Strep throat
30
Q

What are the five ways to control bacteria?

A
  1. Physical removal
  2. Disinfectants
  3. Food processing
  4. Food storage
  5. Sterilization
31
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

A dead virus injected in the body so the immune system will fight it in advance

32
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

group of drugs used to block the growth and reproduction of bacterial pathogens or cell processes, but don’t harm the host cell

33
Q

What are six examples of viral diseases?

A
  1. common cold
  2. Influenza
  3. AIDS (HIV)
  4. Chicken pox
  5. West Nile virus
  6. Human papillomavirus
34
Q

What is an emerging disease?

A

An unknown disease that appears for the first time or a well known disease that suddenly becomes harder to control

35
Q

What is a super bug?

A

bacteria that are resistant to many antibiotics

36
Q

How is the common cold spread and what are its symptoms?

A

contact with contaminated objects, droplet inhalation, sneezing, fever, headache, muscle aches

37
Q

How is the influenza spread and what are its symptoms?

A

respiratory droplets from cough or sneezes,

aches, fever, sore throat, headache, cough, fatigue

38
Q

How is AIDS spread and what are its symptoms?

A

sexual contact, contaminated body fluids, passed to babies

destroyed helper T-cells

39
Q

How is the chicken pox spread and what are its symptoms?

A

droplets caused by cough/sneeze

skin rash or blister like lesions

40
Q

How is hepatitis B spread and what are its symptoms?

A

contact with body fluids

jaundice, fatigue, pain, nausea, vomiting, joint pain

41
Q

How is human papilloma spread and what are its symptoms?

A

sexual contact

genital or anal warts, cancer of cervix, penis or anus

42
Q

How is the lyme disease spread and what are its symptoms?

A

by ticks

bull’s eye rash

43
Q

How is tetanus spread and what are its symptoms?

A

bacteria break through skin

lockjaw

44
Q

How is tuberculosis spread and what are its symptoms?

A

bacteria is inhaled

fatigue, weight loss, fever, blood from lungs

45
Q

How is bacterial meningitis spread and what are its symptoms?

A

coughing, close proximity to someone else

high fever, headache, nausea, fatigue

46
Q

How is strep throat spread and what are its symptoms?

A

contact from mucus from an infected person or open wounds

fever, sore throat, headache, nausea

Biology 11 (5 decks)

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