Viruses and Prokaryotes chapter 20

Question 1

virus

Answer 1

a non living particle that is made of proteins, nucleic acids and sometimes lipids

Question 2

Capsid

Answer 2

protein coat surrounding the virus

Question 3

Bacteriophages

Answer 3

viruses that infect bacteria

Question 4

lytic infection

Answer 4

a type of infection in which a virus enters a cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst

Question 5

lysogenic infection

Answer 5

a type of infection in which a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated with the host cell’s DNA

Question 6

Prophage

Answer 6

Bacteriophage DNA that becomes imbedded in the bacterial host’s DNA

Question 7

Do most viruses contain RNA or DNA?

Answer 7

70% of viruses contain RNA

Question 8

retrovirus

Answer 8

RNA virus that contains RNA as the genetic material

Question 9

Prokaryotes

Answer 9

unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus

Question 10

Are most prokaryotes Bacteria or Archaea?

Answer 10

Domain Bacteria (kingdom eubacteria)

Question 11

What is a flagellum?

Answer 11

structure used by prokaryotes for wave like movement

Question 12

What are pili?

Answer 12

structure used by bacteria to attach to other bacteria or to a surface

Question 13

Which domain contains species that lack peptidoglycans?

Answer 13

domain Archaea

Question 14

What is the name for the rod shaped bacteria?

Answer 14

bacilli

Question 15

What is the name for sphere shaped bacteria?

Answer 15

cocci

Question 16

What is the name for spiral shaped bacteria?

Answer 16

spirilla

Question 17

How do heterotrophs get their energy? +ex

Answer 17

gets organic molecules from the environment and uses it as energy and carbon supply
ex. clostridium

Question 18

How do photoheterotrophs get their energy? +ex

Answer 18

like heterotrophs, but also use light

ex. rhodobacter, chloroflexus

Question 19

How do photoautotrophs get their energy?+ex

Answer 19

Uses light energy to convert CO2 into carbon compounds

ex. anabaena

Question 20

How do Chemoautotrophs get their energy?+ex

Answer 20

Uses energy released by chemical reactions involving ammonia, hydrogen sulphide etc.
ex. nitrobacter

Question 21

What is binary fission?

Answer 21

a form of asexual reproduction where a prokaryote replicates its DNA and divides in half, creating to identical daughter cells

Question 22

What is an endospore?

Answer 22

A thick internal wall that encloses DNA and a portion of the cytoplasm

Question 23

How does mutation happen in prokaryotes?

Answer 23

it is inherited by the daughter cells produced by binary fission

Question 24

What is conjugation?

Answer 24

A hollow bridge forms between two bacterial cells & DNA in the form of a plasmid moves from one cell to the other. The plasmid contains genes that give bacteria adaptations

Question 25

What do decomposers do?

Answer 25

Break down dead organisms and balance the equilibrium of the environment

Question 26

What do nitrogen fixers do?

Answer 26

Convert atmospheric nitrogen to a form that is usable to plants

Question 27

What the six human uses for bacteria?

Answer 27

making food (yogurt, kimchi, cheese), mining, cleaning oil spills, synthesizing drugs, botox

Question 28

What is a pathogen?

Answer 28

Disease causing agents

Question 29

What are five examples of bacteria spread diseases?

Answer 29

1. Lyme disease 2. Tetanus 3. Tuberculosis 4. Bacterial menangitis 5. Strep throat

Question 30

What are the five ways to control bacteria?

Answer 30

1. Physical removal 2. Disinfectants 3. Food processing 4. Food storage 5. Sterilization

Question 31

What is a vaccine?

Answer 31

A dead virus injected in the body so the immune system will fight it in advance

Question 32

What are antibiotics?

Answer 32

group of drugs used to block the growth and reproduction of bacterial pathogens or cell processes, but don't harm the host cell

Question 33

What are six examples of viral diseases?

Answer 33

1. common cold 2. Influenza 3. AIDS (HIV) 4. Chicken pox 5. West Nile virus 6. Human papillomavirus

Question 34

What is an emerging disease?

Answer 34

An unknown disease that appears for the first time or a well known disease that suddenly becomes harder to control

Question 35

What is a super bug?

Answer 35

bacteria that are resistant to many antibiotics

Question 36

How is the common cold spread and what are its symptoms?

Answer 36

contact with contaminated objects, droplet inhalation, sneezing, fever, headache, muscle aches

Question 37

How is the influenza spread and what are its symptoms?

Answer 37

respiratory droplets from cough or sneezes, | aches, fever, sore throat, headache, cough, fatigue

Question 38

How is AIDS spread and what are its symptoms?

Answer 38

sexual contact, contaminated body fluids, passed to babies | destroyed helper T-cells

Question 39

How is the chicken pox spread and what are its symptoms?

Answer 39

droplets caused by cough/sneeze | skin rash or blister like lesions

Question 40

How is hepatitis B spread and what are its symptoms?

Answer 40

contact with body fluids | jaundice, fatigue, pain, nausea, vomiting, joint pain

Question 41

How is human papilloma spread and what are its symptoms?

Answer 41

sexual contact | genital or anal warts, cancer of cervix, penis or anus

Question 42

How is the lyme disease spread and what are its symptoms?

Answer 42

by ticks | bull's eye rash

Question 43

How is tetanus spread and what are its symptoms?

Answer 43

bacteria break through skin | lockjaw

Question 44

How is tuberculosis spread and what are its symptoms?

Answer 44

bacteria is inhaled | fatigue, weight loss, fever, blood from lungs

Question 45

How is bacterial meningitis spread and what are its symptoms?

Answer 45

coughing, close proximity to someone else | high fever, headache, nausea, fatigue

Question 46

How is strep throat spread and what are its symptoms?

Answer 46

contact from mucus from an infected person or open wounds | fever, sore throat, headache, nausea