Viruses and Prokaryotes chapter 20 Flashcards
virus
a non living particle that is made of proteins, nucleic acids and sometimes lipids
Capsid
protein coat surrounding the virus
Bacteriophages
viruses that infect bacteria
lytic infection
a type of infection in which a virus enters a cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst
lysogenic infection
a type of infection in which a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated with the host cell’s DNA
Prophage
Bacteriophage DNA that becomes imbedded in the bacterial host’s DNA
Do most viruses contain RNA or DNA?
70% of viruses contain RNA
retrovirus
RNA virus that contains RNA as the genetic material
Prokaryotes
unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus
Are most prokaryotes Bacteria or Archaea?
Domain Bacteria (kingdom eubacteria)
What is a flagellum?
structure used by prokaryotes for wave like movement
What are pili?
structure used by bacteria to attach to other bacteria or to a surface
Which domain contains species that lack peptidoglycans?
domain Archaea
What is the name for the rod shaped bacteria?
bacilli
What is the name for sphere shaped bacteria?
cocci
What is the name for spiral shaped bacteria?
spirilla
How do heterotrophs get their energy? +ex
gets organic molecules from the environment and uses it as energy and carbon supply
ex. clostridium
How do photoheterotrophs get their energy? +ex
like heterotrophs, but also use light
ex. rhodobacter, chloroflexus
How do photoautotrophs get their energy?+ex
Uses light energy to convert CO2 into carbon compounds
ex. anabaena
How do Chemoautotrophs get their energy?+ex
Uses energy released by chemical reactions involving ammonia, hydrogen sulphide etc.
ex. nitrobacter
What is binary fission?
a form of asexual reproduction where a prokaryote replicates its DNA and divides in half, creating to identical daughter cells
What is an endospore?
A thick internal wall that encloses DNA and a portion of the cytoplasm
How does mutation happen in prokaryotes?
it is inherited by the daughter cells produced by binary fission
What is conjugation?
A hollow bridge forms between two bacterial cells & DNA in the form of a plasmid moves from one cell to the other. The plasmid contains genes that give bacteria adaptations
What do decomposers do?
Break down dead organisms and balance the equilibrium of the environment
What do nitrogen fixers do?
Convert atmospheric nitrogen to a form that is usable to plants
What the six human uses for bacteria?
making food (yogurt, kimchi, cheese), mining, cleaning oil spills, synthesizing drugs, botox
What is a pathogen?
Disease causing agents
What are five examples of bacteria spread diseases?
- Lyme disease
- Tetanus
- Tuberculosis
- Bacterial menangitis
- Strep throat
What are the five ways to control bacteria?
- Physical removal
- Disinfectants
- Food processing
- Food storage
- Sterilization
What is a vaccine?
A dead virus injected in the body so the immune system will fight it in advance
What are antibiotics?
group of drugs used to block the growth and reproduction of bacterial pathogens or cell processes, but don’t harm the host cell
What are six examples of viral diseases?
- common cold
- Influenza
- AIDS (HIV)
- Chicken pox
- West Nile virus
- Human papillomavirus
What is an emerging disease?
An unknown disease that appears for the first time or a well known disease that suddenly becomes harder to control
What is a super bug?
bacteria that are resistant to many antibiotics
How is the common cold spread and what are its symptoms?
contact with contaminated objects, droplet inhalation, sneezing, fever, headache, muscle aches
How is the influenza spread and what are its symptoms?
respiratory droplets from cough or sneezes,
aches, fever, sore throat, headache, cough, fatigue
How is AIDS spread and what are its symptoms?
sexual contact, contaminated body fluids, passed to babies
destroyed helper T-cells
How is the chicken pox spread and what are its symptoms?
droplets caused by cough/sneeze
skin rash or blister like lesions
How is hepatitis B spread and what are its symptoms?
contact with body fluids
jaundice, fatigue, pain, nausea, vomiting, joint pain
How is human papilloma spread and what are its symptoms?
sexual contact
genital or anal warts, cancer of cervix, penis or anus
How is the lyme disease spread and what are its symptoms?
by ticks
bull’s eye rash
How is tetanus spread and what are its symptoms?
bacteria break through skin
lockjaw
How is tuberculosis spread and what are its symptoms?
bacteria is inhaled
fatigue, weight loss, fever, blood from lungs
How is bacterial meningitis spread and what are its symptoms?
coughing, close proximity to someone else
high fever, headache, nausea, fatigue
How is strep throat spread and what are its symptoms?
contact from mucus from an infected person or open wounds
fever, sore throat, headache, nausea
