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Biology 11 > Chapter 16 & 17 vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 16 & 17 vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

evolution

A

The process of change over time

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2
Q

What does Darwin’s theory of evolution explain?

A

How modern organisms evolved over long periods of time through descent from common ancestors

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3
Q

What are the three patterns of biodiversity that Darwin noted?

A
  • species vary globally
  • species vary locally
  • species vary over time
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4
Q

What did Hutton and Lyell discover?

A
  • The earth is very old

- because of erosion the earth is old, and you can count the years of age by looking at layers

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5
Q

What was Lamarck’s correct idea?

A

Living things can change over time, and there is a link between an organism’s environment and its body structures

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6
Q

What was Lamarck’s INCORRECT idea and what is it called?

A

Inheritance of acquired characteristics: Living things can pass on characteristics they get during their lifetimes to their babies

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7
Q

What was Malthus’s view of population growth?

A

Malthus reasoned that if the human population grew unchecked, there wouldn’t be enough living space and food for everyone

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8
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

Nature provides the variations, and humans select those they find useful

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9
Q

What is adaptation?

A

Any heritable characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in its environment

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10
Q

What is fitness?

A

An organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in its environment

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11
Q

What is natural selection?

A

The process which organisms with variations most suited to their local environment survive and leave more offspring

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12
Q

When does natural selection occur?

A
  • when more individuals are born than can survive
  • there is natural heritable variation
  • there is variable fitness among individuals
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13
Q

What is biogeography?

A

the study of where organisms live now and where they and their ancestors lived in the past

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14
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Structures that are shared by related species and that have been inherited from a common ancestor

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15
Q

What are analogous structures?

A

Body parts that share common function, but not structure

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16
Q

What are vestigial structures?

A

inherited structures from ancestors but have lost much or all of their original function due to different selection pressures acting on the descendant

17
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

All the genes, including all the different alleles for each gene, that are present during a population

18
Q

What is allele frequency?

A

the number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool

19
Q

What is a single-gene trait?

A

A trait controlled by only one gene (ex. black fur vs white fur)

20
Q

What are polygenic traits?

A

A gene that has two or more alleles (ex human hair colour)

21
Q

What is directional selection?

A

Individuals at one end of the curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end

22
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

Individuals near the centre of the curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end

23
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

Individuals at the outer ends of the curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle of the curve

24
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

A random change in allele frequency

25
Q

What is the bottleneck effect?

A

A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population

26
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

A change in allele frequency following the migration of a small subgroup of a population

27
Q

What is genetic equilibrium?

A

No evolution, and allele frequencies in a gene pool do not change

28
Q

What are five factors that causes allele frequencies to change?

A
  1. Non-random mating
  2. immigration/emigration
  3. mutation
  4. natural selection
  5. small population sizes
29
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

when genes for the traits selected for or against are not in equilibrium

30
Q

What is a species?

A

A population or group of populations whose members can interbreed and produce a fertile offspring

31
Q

What is speciation?

A

The formation of a new species

32
Q

What is reproductive isolation?

A

the separation of a species or population so that they no longer interbreed and evolve into two separate species

33
Q

What is behavioural isolation?

A

two populations develop differences in courtship rituals or other behaviours that prevent them from breeding

34
Q

What is geographic isolation?

A

two populations are separated by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains or bodies of water

35
Q

What is temporal isolation?

A

two or more species reproduce at different times

Biology 11 (5 decks)

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