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BIO 251 > VIRUSES > Flashcards

VIRUSES Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the largest viruses the same size as?

A

The smallest bacteria

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2
Q

The largest viruses have the same amount of DNA as ___________

A

parasitic eukaryotes

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3
Q

Viruses are vehicles of ______ gene transfer

A

horizontal

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4
Q

Human chromosomes are full of __________ genes

A

non-functional viral

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5
Q

What is the viral mutation rate?

A

1 in 10000 nucleotides

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6
Q

What helps viruses evade host immune system?

A
  1. Low fidelity polymerases
  2. Lack proofreading
  3. Frequent reassortment
  4. Exchange nucleic acid segments with different strains of the same virus
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7
Q

What is the host of the mimivirus?

A

Acanthamoeba polyphaga

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8
Q

What are the virion shapes?

A

Helical
Polyhedral (many sided, icosohedral)
Binal (pleomorphic aka irregular shaped)

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9
Q

What is a capsid?

A

Protein shell enclosing nucleic acid, such as DNA, RNA, and enzymes

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10
Q

What is the capsid made of?

A

Capsomeres

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11
Q

Where do many viral envelopes come from?

A

The host cell

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12
Q

What do viral envelopes contain?

A

Glycoproteins required for infecting cells

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13
Q

What are naked viruses?

A

Without an envelope

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14
Q

Who discovered that viruses could be inactivated via boiling?

A

Martinus Beijerinck

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15
Q

Why are viruses not considered cells?

A

Composed of protein and nucleic acid

Required a host cell for replication***

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16
Q

What is zoonosis?

A

Viral pathogens can have an animal origin or host/reservoir

17
Q

What are examples of viruses that “humanized” and can no longer infect animal hosts?

A

Measles and HIV

18
Q

Where does influenza come from?

A

Birds and pigs

19
Q

Where does Ebola come from?

A

Bats

20
Q

Where do rabies come from?

A

Mammals

21
Q

Where does SARS come from?

A

Civets

22
Q

Where does Middle East Respiratory Syndrome come from?

A

Dromedary camels

23
Q

Where does COVID-19 come from?

A

Unverified, but bats or pangolins are suspected

24
Q

What doe viruses make us sick?

A

Host cells manipulated to produce viruses and not their usual function

Ex. changes in size, shape, inclusion bodies, altered DNA, cancerous transformation, inflammation

25
Q

What is viral host specificity?

A

Virions must bind to proteins found in the host cell’s membrane

Example: Rabies infect neurons, Hep B infects liver cells

26
Q

How do enveloped viruses enter a host cell?

A

Penetrate through endocytosis or fusion

27
Q

How do non-enveloped viruses enter a host cell?

A

Endocytosis

28
Q

What are the steps of viral infection?

A
  1. Attach
  2. Penetrate and uncoat
  3. Synthesis
  4. Assembly
  5. Release
29
Q

What goes into the uncoating phase?

A

Host cell removes capside -> endocytic vesicles low pH -> host cell proteases

30
Q

What is the eclipse phase?

A

Interval between penetration and producing virions

31
Q

What is the synthesis phase?

A

Viral DNA escorted to nucleus to be replicated -> transcription by host

32
Q

What is the assembly phase?

A

Some are assembled at plasma membrane, others in organelles like rough ER, golgi, mitochondria

33
Q

What is the release phase?

A

Lysis vs. budding

34
Q

Do coronaviruses survive long on surfaces?

A

No, if it’s dried, it dies

35
Q

What is the coronavirus?

A

A positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus

Can be translated into protein in the host cell

First has to make more (+)ssRNA

36
Q

Why is COVID-19 so bad in China?

A
  1. Humans have no prior exposure so no adaptive immunity
  2. Travel peaked during this time with Lunar New Year
  3. Lack of transparency
  4. Poor air quality in China leading to higher lung susceptibility
37
Q

What are prions?

A

Infectious proteins that can misfold healthy brain neuronal protein

Causes Mad Cow Disease, Kuru, Fatal Familial Insomnia

PrP^Sc cause abnormal folding of normal brain protein PrP^C

38
Q

Does standard cooking recommendations destroy prions in meat?

A

No

Requires autoclave or stronger protocols

BIO 251 (4 decks)

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