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BIO 251 > 2.2-2.4 > Flashcards

2.2-2.4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Metabolism is all the
chemical reactions within
an organism

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2
Q

______ pathways break
down complex molecules
and release energy

HINT: catabolic or anabolic?

A

Catabolic

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3
Q

_______ pathways build complex molecules and

consume energy

A

anabolic

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4
Q

Pathways are coupled and regulated via _______

A

homeostasis

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5
Q

______ obtain energy from large organic

molecules; carbs, lipids, proteins

A

Heterotrophs

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6
Q

______ pathways relocate the electrons stored in food

molecules

A

Catabolic

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7
Q

Relocating electrons ______ energy that can be used

to synthesize ATP

A

releases

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8
Q

What’s oxidation?

A

The loss of electrons

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9
Q

What’s reduction?

A

The gain of electrons

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10
Q

Charge is ____ because reactant becomes negative

A

reduced

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11
Q

What is released upon oxidation?

A

Free energy

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12
Q

Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins are

excellent fuels because?

A

many bonds

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13
Q

Free energy is released via oxidation and stored

as ATP and reduced coenzymes:

A

NADH &

FADH2

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14
Q

What serve

as long term free energy storage molecules?

A

Polyhydroxybutyrate and other polymers

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15
Q

Free energy is the portion of a system’s energy that is able to
perform ____ when temperature is uniform throughout the
system

A

work

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16
Q

What can cells do with free energy?

A

Mechanical, Transport, Anabolism

17
Q

Glucose is highly _____ and is oxidized to release free

energy

A

reduced

18
Q

Free energy of e- is stored as…?

A

ATP, reduced coenzymes, NADH, FADH2

19
Q

An _______ reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy; ΔG
is negative

A

exergonic

20
Q

___ is the immediate
source of energy that
powers most cellular
work

A

ATP

21
Q

______ and _____ are long term free energy

storage molecules

A

Glycogen and triglycerides

22
Q

___ is a short term free energy storage molecule

A

ATP

23
Q

What is the 1st Law of Thermodynamics?

A

Energy can be transformed from one type to
another; energy cannot be created or
destroyed; exceptions are stars and nuclear
reaction

24
Q

What is the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?

A

Every energy transformation makes the

system more disordered

25
Q

What is the measure of disorder?

A

Entropy

26
Q

↑ oC = _ random molecular motion

A

↑

27
Q

Entropy ____ when cells die

win or lose?

A

wins

28
Q

The free energy contained in
food / fuel is transferred to ATP
& reduced coenzymes in four
steps:

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate oxidation
  3. Krebs/CAC
  4. ETC
29
Q

Is glycolysis independent of O2?

A

Yes

30
Q

What is phase one of glycolysis?

A

Energy Investment

Requires 2 ATPs

31
Q

What is phase two of glycolysis?

A

Pay off

Free energy stored as 4 ATPs

32
Q

The most common type of glycolysis is the _________ pathway

A

Embden-

Meyerhof-Parnas

33
Q

Gram ____ bacteria that produce lactic acid under

anaerobic conditions

A

positive

34
Q

What pathway does Heterolactic Fermentation utilize?

A

Pentose phosphate pathway

Not glycoylsis

35
Q

Explain the connection between

fermentation and making bread?

A

Yeast feeds on the sugar contained with the dough, producing carbon dioxide and alcohol, in a process called fermentation.

During bread making, the dough is left in a warm place. The warmth causes fermentation to take place. However if the temperature is too high, for example during the cooking process the yeast is killed.

During fermentation, carbon dioxide is produced and trapped as tiny pockets of air within the dough. This causes it to rise. During baking the carbon dioxide expands and causes the bread to rise further. The alcohol produced during fermentation evaporates during the bread baking process.

36
Q

What happens to the alcohol?

A

Alcohol produced during fementation evaporates

37
Q

Why don’t we get drunk when we

eat bread?

A

IT EVAPORATES

38
Q

What do aerobic organisms use as a final e- acceptor?

A

O2

BIO 251 (4 decks)

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