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Microbiology > Viruses > Flashcards

Viruses Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Issue with viruses?

A

Viruses can’t be seen or grown easily - not visible with light microscope and can only reproduce in live cells. Can do in lab but takes 2-4 weeks

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2
Q

what is serology

A

the study of / detection of antibody responses in the serum

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3
Q

Serology - IgM

A

IgM appears within 1 week of infection for up to 12 weeks

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4
Q

Serology - IgG

A

IgG remains for life. Can also be used for bacteria that is harder to culture

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5
Q

Methods of serology (5)

A 
1 Complement fixation test
2 Haemagluttination
3 ELISA - enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
4 Radioimmunoassay
5 Immunofluorescence  
Can take a couple of days
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6
Q

3 diagnosis methods for viruses

A

serology
virus culture
virus detection

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7
Q

what is virus detection

A

detection of viral antigens in a virus

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8
Q

methods of virus detection

A
  • electron microscopy
  • ELISA
  • IF
  • Latex agglutination
  • Molecular diagnostic tests (PCR ligase chain reaction)
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9
Q

how does PCR work?

A
  • it looks at the presence of viral nucleic acid in a tissue sample, blood or swab
  • diff enzymes unzip chains of nucleic DNA / RNA and make complimentary copies using nucleoside bases as substrate
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10
Q

advantages of PCR

A

very sensitive and quick

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11
Q

disads of PCR

A

so sensitive it could pick up a contamination and give a false positive result
PCR only detects nucleic material complimentary to the primer sequences used so you need to suspect something to look for it

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12
Q

Virus: Varicella Zoster
Diagnosis: ?
Test: ?
Other info: ?

A

Virus: Varicella Zoster
Diagnosis: Chicken pox
Test: ELISA - IgM for virus
Other info: found in kids, vesicular rash - calamine lotion

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13
Q

Virus: Herpes zoster
Diagnosis: ?
Other info incl treatment

A

Virus: Herpes zoster
Diagnosis: Shingles
Other info: Reactive latent virus, give aciclovir

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14
Q

Virus: HIV
Diagnosis: ?
Test: ?
Other info: ?

A

Virus: HIV
Diagnosis: AIDs
Test: Western blot line assay (+ve coloured band)
Other info: Chronic infections

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15
Q

Virus: Hepatitis B
Diagnosis: ?
Test: ?
Other info: ?

A

Virus: Hepatitis B
Diagnosis: hepatitis
Test: ELISA - surface antigen
Other info: Chronic infections

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16
Q

Virus: Human cytomeglayvirus (herpes)
Diagnosis: ?
Other info: ?

A

Virus: Human cytomeglayvirus (herpes)
Diagnosis: diarrhoea
Other info: in immunosuppressed pts

17
Q

Virus: Hep A
Diagnosis: ?
Test: ?
Other info: ?

A

Virus: Hep A
Diagnosis: hep A - jaundice
Test: ELISA - positive IgM
Other info: Shellfish / been on holiday

18
Q

Virus: Parrovirus (eyrthrovirus)
Diagnosis: ?
Test: ?
Other info: ?

A

Virus: Parrovirus (eyrthrovirus)
Diagnosis: erythema infectosium (fifth disease)
Test: ELISA test - IgM parrovirus (+ve = yellow)
Other info: slapped cheek in babies, via clotted blood collection

19
Q

Virus: Enterovirus
Diagnosis: ?
Test: ?
Other info: ?

A

Virus: Enterovirus
Diagnosis: viral cause of meningitis
Test: enterovirus culture on CSF
Other info: slow onset meningism e.g. Rhinovirus

20
Q

Virus: Resp synctial virus
Diagnosis: ?
Test: ?
Other info: ?

A

Virus: Resp synctial virus
Diagnosis: bronchiolitis in infants
Test: monoclonal antibody (green = +ve)
Other info: baby with wheeze

21
Q

Virus: legionella pneumonia
Diagnosis: ?
Test: ?
Other info: ?

A

Virus: legionella pneumonia
Diagnosis: legionairres disease (fever, cough, myalgia)
Test: ELISA
Other info: Holiday to spain / air con

22
Q

Virus: Epstein-Barr virus
Diagnosis: ?
Test: ?
Other info: ?

A

Virus: Epstein-Barr virus
Diagnosis: Glandular fever
Test: Immunofluorescent anti-IgG (yellow = +ve)
Other info: student, sore throat, fatigue

23
Q

Virus: Parainfluenza
Diagnosis: ?
Other info: ?

A

Virus: Parainfluenza
Diagnosis: Croup (bronchiolitis)
Other info: Stridor, barking cough

24
Q

Virus: Mumps
Diagnosis: ?
Other info: ?

A

Virus: Mumps
Diagnosis: Mumps - headache, malaise, fever
Other info: MMR vaccine

25
Q

Virus: Rubella
Diagnosis: ?
Other info: ?

A

Virus: Rubella
Diagnosis: German measles - rash and lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly
Other info: MMR vaccine

26
Q

what is stridor

A

a harsh vibrating noise when breathing, caused by obstruction of the windpipe or larynx.

27
Q

ALT / AST?

A

The AST/ALT ratio is the ratio between the concentrations of the enzymes aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) in the blood, useful in medical diagnosis to differentiate between causes of liver damage, or hepatotoxicity.

28
Q

What rises in hepatitis?

A

ALT and AST

29
Q 
Virus: Hepatitis A
Incubation period: ?
Transmission: ?
Acute disease: ? 
Chronic disease: ?
A 
Virus: Hepatitis A
Incubation period: 2-6 wks
Transmission: Faecal-oral
Acute disease: Rarely fulminant (severe and sudden in onset)
Chronic disease: does not occur
30
Q 
Virus: Hepatitis B
Incubation period: ?
Transmission: ?
Acute disease: ? 
Chronic disease: ?
A

Virus: Hepatitis B
Incubation period: 2-6mo
Transmission: Parenteral, sexual, vertical
Acute disease: 5% fulminant
Chronic disease: Chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatoma

31
Q 
Virus: Hepatitis C
Incubation period: ?
Transmission: ?
Acute disease: ? 
Chronic disease: ?
A 
Virus: Hepatitis C
Incubation period: 6-12 wks
Transmission: Parenteral
Acute disease: Rarely fulminant
Chronic disease: Chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatoma
32
Q 
Virus: Hepatitis E
Incubation period: ?
Transmission: ?
Acute disease: ? 
Chronic disease: ?
A 
Virus: Hepatitis E
Incubation period: 2-9 wks
Transmission: Facael-oral
Acute disease: Rarely fulminant except in pregnancy
Chronic disease: Does not occur
33
Q 
Virus: CMV
Incubation period: ?
Transmission: ?
Acute disease: ?
Chronic disease: ?
A 
Virus: CMV
Incubation period: 10-21d
Transmission: Close contact
Acute disease: Rarely fulminant
Chronic disease: Does not occur
34
Q 
Virus: EBV
Incubation period: ?
Transmission: ?
Acute disease: ?
Chronic disease: ?
A 
Virus: EBV
Incubation period: 10-21d
Transmission: close contact
Acute disease: part of glandular fever syndrome
Chronic disease: does not occur
35
Q

fulminant

A

severe and sudden in onset

36
Q

serology hep A

A

Antibody test for IgM and IgG

37
Q

serology hep B

A

antibody test for core antibody IgM, core antibody IgG, surface antibody e antibody
Antigen: surface antibody e antigen

38
Q

serology hep C

A

antibody test: total (IgM/IgG) antibody

Nucleic acid test: hep C RNA (via PCR)

39
Q

serology Hep E

A

IgM

IgG

Microbiology (6 decks)

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