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Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose of gram staining

A

gram staining separates different types of bacteria

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2
Q

What colour does gram positive bacteria stain

A

BLUE/PURPLE

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3
Q

What colour does gram negative bacteria stain

A

PINK with the counter stain

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4
Q

Streptococcus

A

gram +ve
cocci (chains)
-ve catalase test

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5
Q

Staphylococcus

A

gram +ve
cocci (clusters)
+ve catalase test

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6
Q

Corynebacterium

A

gram +ve

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7
Q

Listeria

A

gram +ve

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8
Q

Bacillus

A

gram +ve

bacilli

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9
Q

Clostridium

A

gram +ve

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10
Q

Neisseria

A

Gram -ve
cocci
yellow on mcconkey = non lactose fermenting
+ve oxidase test (purple)

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11
Q

How can you remember the gram +ve bacteria?

A

SSC CL(u)B (first letters for the gram +ve bacteria)
Streptococcus
Staphylococcus
Corynebacterium

Clostridium
Listeria
(u)
Bacillus

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12
Q

Coliforms

A

Gram -ve
also enterobacteriacae
yellow on mcconkey = non lactose fermenting
-ve oxidase test

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13
Q

Parvobacteria

A

Gram -ve

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14
Q

Helicobacter

A

Gram -ve

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15
Q

Vibrio

A

Gram -ve

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16
Q

Pseudomonas

A

Gram -ve
bacilli
yellow on mcconkey = non lactose fermenting
+ve oxidase test (purple)

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17
Q

Mnemonic for gram -ve bacteria?

A

Naughty Children Have Very Poor Parents

Neisseria, Coliforms, helicobacter, vibrio, parvobacteria, pseudomonas

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18
Q

Name some bacteria that dont stain with gram

A 
chlamydia
coxiella
rickettsia
mycobacteria
treponema
borrelia
leptospira
mycoplasma
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19
Q

What produces a positive catalase test

A

staphylococcus

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20
Q

what produces a negative catalase test

A

streptococcus

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21
Q

what test can be performed to distinguish types of staphylococcus? what type of agar?

A

coagulase test on blood agar

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22
Q

what gives a positive coagulase test?

A 
staph aureus
(coag test used to distinguish types of staphylococcus)
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23
Q

what gives a negative coagulase test

A

coagulase negative staph

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24
Q

what test can be done to differentiate streptococcus? which type of agar?

A

haemolysis on blood agar

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25
what will beta haemolytic strep show in haemolysis and what are examples of beta haemolytic strep?
``` green edges antigenic groups (A, B, C, G) ```
26
what will alpha haemolytic strep show in haemolysis and what are examples of alpha haemolytic strep?
white edges you then do the optochin test to differentiate: resistant = strep viridans sensitive = strep pneumoniae
27
What is the optochin test for
differentiating alpha haemolytic streptococcus resistant = strep viridans sensitive = strep pneumoniae
28
Enterobacteria (e coli / klebsiella)
gram -ve bacilli | mcconkey = purple, lactose fermenting
29
How can gram -ve bacilli be differentiated?
Appearance on McConkey agar - Purple = lactose fermenting - Yellow = non lactose fermenting
30
How can non lactose fermenting gram -ive bacilli be differentiated?
oxidase test -ve = coliforms +ive = pseudomonas / nesseria
31
Which organisms can cause a UTI?
``` e coli proteus mirabilis klebseialla spp staph saprophyticus staph epidermidis enterococci (gram +ve) ```
32
risk factors UTI
``` sex catheterisation enlarged prostate (chronic urinary retention) renal tract tumour renal stones ```
33
UTI investigations
midstream urine - avoids contamination dipstick - protein + glucose +ve = infection? Nitrites + leukocytes = infection direct microscopy - pyuria = >10 pus cells culture - macConkey agar >10^5 bacteria/ml = significant bacteruria
34
treatment for UTIs
cystitis, uncomplicated = trimethoprim (longer course if complicated) pylonephritis = augmentin
35
what is eryipelas?
an intradermal infection 'skin sepsis organisms'
36
what is cellulitis?
subcut infection 'skin sepsis organisms'
37
What organism classification are eryipelas and cellulitis (skin sepsis organisms)?
Group A beta haemolyic streptococcus | +/- Staph aureus
38
What is a purpuric rash?
purple-red, bruise-like lesions | non blanching
39
what organisms cause a purpuric rash?
meningococcal henoch-schonlein purpura thrombocytopenia
40
what is a maculopapular rash?
pinky red, flat or raised lesions | blanching
41
what organisms cause maculopapular rashes?
``` rubella measles enterovirus drug rashes kawasaki's disease ```
42
what is a pustular rash?
raised lesions, larger than vesicles | can contain pus or clear fluid
43
what organisms cause a pustular rash?
impetigo | scalded skin syndrome
44
what is a vesicular rash? causes?
small raised lesions contain clear fluid caused by varicella zoster virus and HSV
45
skin soft tissue 'skin organisms'
staph aureus (impetigo)
46
lung 'pneumonia organisms'
staph aureus klebsiella pneumoniae mycobacterium tuberculosis
47
liver 'gut organisms'
gram negative e.g. e coli strep milleri anaerobes e.g. bacteroides fragilis entamoeba histolytica in tropics
48
kidney 'gut organisms'
e coli | klebsiella
49
bowel 'gut organisms'
gram negative e.g. ecoli strep milleri anaerobes e.g. bacteroides fragilis
50
what tests can be done for pneumonia
sputum, cultures, serology, urine
51
what would you use to look at sputum in pneumonia? what pathogens yielded?
ZN smear Culture on: - chocolate (aerobic) for strep pneum, h influenzae, staph aur, gram neg bacilli - blood agar (anaerobic) for strep pneumoniae (alpha haemolytic, opticin sensitive), oral anaerobes (fusobacteria etc)
52
what do you do to blood cultures in pneumonia? what pathogens yielded?
incubate 37 degs, inspect daily: if growth detected to a gram film --> subculture: aerobic (haemophilus influenzae, staph aureus, step pneumoniae), anaerobic (strep pneumoniae), macConkey (gram neg bacilli)
53
what do you do for pneumonia serology? what pathogens yielded?
ELISA or complement fixation testing. Pathogens yielded: mycoplasma pneumonia, chlamydia, influenza A+B, adenovirus
54
What organisms cause TB
mycobacterium tuberculosis / mycobacterium bovis
55
tests for identification of mycobacterium tuberculosis / mycobacterium bovis?
direct microscopy --> Z-N stain = acid fast bacteria / auramine staine culture --> lowenstein-jensen slopes / MGIT PCR --> of culture or clinical samples
56
what tests do pts need for endocarditis?
FBC, biochemistry, CXR, echo, 3 cultures from DIFF sites
57
top organisms responsible for endocarditis
``` coagulase negative staph coliforms staph aureus strep pneumoniae pseudomonas spp ```
58
common sources for coag neg staph
IV lines CONTAMINATION
59
common sources for coliforms
UTI bowel sepsis
60
common sources staph aureus
skin, soft tissue, IV sites, pneumonia
61
top 3 causes for endocarditis?
rheumatic fever IVDU prosthetic valve pts
62
endocarditis caused by rheumatic fever - most likely organisms?
alpha-haemolytic strep (strep viridans during dental rx) | enterococci (spread from gut in UTI)
63
endocarditis caused by IVDU - most likely organisms?
staph aureus, staph epidermidis, pseudomonas, candida
64
endocarditis caused by prosthetic valves - most likely organisms?
coagulase neg staph, grave -ve bacilli, candida
65
what are the 3 key effects on the body of endocarditis?
1. local effects on the valves resulting in heart failure 2. shedding of emboli from the vegetations - lodge elsewhere eg brain 3. immune complex formation - results in glomerulonephritis, splinter haemorrhages and other skin problems
66
common cause of meningitis in neonates
escherichia coli (others: group B strep, listeria monocytogenes)
67
common cause of meningitis in infants
neisseria meningitidis (others: H influenzae, strep pneumoniae)
68
common cause of meningitis in young adults
n. meningitidis and strep pneumoniae
69
common cause of meningitis in the elderly
strep pneumoniae (others: n meningitidis, listeria)
70
diagnosis of meningitis
CSF, blood culture, nose/ throat swabs, stool
71
Normal CSF: condition, appearance, white cells, red cells, protein, glucose
``` Condition: clear and colourless WBC: 0-5 x 10^6/L all lymphocytes / no neutrophils RBC: 0-10 x 10^6/L Protein: 0.2-0.4g/L Glucose: 3.3-4.4 mmol/L ```
72
Bacterial meningitis CSF: condition, appearance, white cells, red cells, protein, glucose
``` Condition: cloudy and turbid WBC: raised neutrophils RBC: normal Protein: High > 0.5g/L Glucose: very low ```
73
Viral meningitis CSF: condition, appearance, white cells, red cells, protein, glucose
``` Condition: normal WBC: raised neutrophils / lymphocytes RBC: normal Protein: N or H Glucose: N or L ```
74
Tuberculosis meningitis CSF: condition, appearance, white cells, red cells, protein, glucose
``` Condition: N or slightly cloudy WBC: raised lymphocytes RBC: normal Protein: H or VH Glucose: V low ```
75
bacterial causes of diarrhoea
e. coli (ETEC VTEC), v. cholerae, s. sonnei (dysenteriae)
76
antibiotic-associated causes of diarrhoea
cl. difficile, st aureus, c albicans
77
viral causes of diarrhoea
rotavirus, SRSV
78
protozoal causes of diarrhoea
cryptosporidium, Giardia
79
Food poisoning diarrhoea - what organisms?
salmonella, campylobacter, st aureus, cl perfringes, b cereus
80
What organism causes gastritis and duodenal ulceration (a system gut infection)?
h. pylori
81
what organisms cause enteric fevers?
s. typhi, s paratyphi
82
SALMONELLA - diagnosis, test, other info?
Diagnosis: food poisoning - malaise & abdo pain Test: MacConkey non lactose fermenting Other info: Chicken / turkey = salmonella or campylobacter
83
SHIGELLA SONNI- diagnosis, test, other info?
Diagnosis: dysentery (bloody diarrhoea) Test: sero agglutination test Other info: dysentery in kids = shigella
84
E COLI - diagnosis, test, other info?
Diagnosis: diarrhoea (food poisoning - beef burger) Test: MacConkey lactose fermenting Other info: e coli 0157 = commensal cattle
85
CAMPYLOBACTER - diagnosis, other info?
Diagnosis: food poisoning Test: no test Other info: shell fish = corkscrew
86
Clostridium difficile - diagnosis, test, other info?
Diagnosis: diarrhoea - pseudomembranous Test: toxin test Other info: post antibiotics
87
S. TYPHI - diagnosis, test, other info?
Diagnosis: Enteric fever Test: Blood culture --> MacConkey non lactose fermenting Other info: Ingestion of contaminated food in India
88
Salmonella causes food poisoning. What is the incubation period, related foods and symptoms?
Incubation period: 16-48h Related foods: Poultry, eggs Symptoms: Diarrhoea & some abdo pain
89
Campylobacter causes food poisoning. What is the incubation period, related foods and symptoms?
Incubation period: 24-72h Related foods: Meat products Symptoms: Profuse diarrhoea & severe abdo pain
90
Clostridium perfringens causes food poisoning. What is the incubation period, related foods and symptoms?
Incubation period: 12-24h Related foods: Cooked meats Symptoms: Colicky abdo pain
91
Staph aureus causes food poisoning. What is the incubation period, related foods and symptoms?
Incubation period: 1-6h (pre-formed toxin) Related foods: Finger food Symptoms: Diarrhoea & severe vomiting & fever
92
Bacillus cereus causes food poisoning. What is the incubation period, related foods and symptoms?
Incubation period: 1-6h Related foods: Rice Symptoms: Profuse vomiting
93
What is colic?
Colic is a form of pain that starts and stops abruptly. It occurs due to muscular contractions of a hollow tube (colon, ureter, gall bladder, etc.) in an attempt to relieve an obstruction by forcing content out.
94
Nemonic endocarditis
``` FORM JANE Fever Osler's nodes Roth's spots Murmur (heart) ``` Janeway lesions Anaemia Nail / splinter haemorrhage Emboli

Microbiology (6 decks)

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