Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Viruses > Flashcards

Viruses Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Obligate intracellular parasites lacking the capacity to make energy or substrates

A

Viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do viruses replicate?

A

By assembly of parts
NOT binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The basic structure of a virus is nucleic acid surrounded by a _____ coat

A

Protein coat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Is viral nucleic acid circular or linear?

A

Can be either

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Outer protein coat of viruses made of capsomeres (subunits forming pentons and hexons)

A

Capsid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The viral capsid is an outer protein coat made of these

A

Capsomeres (subunits forming pentons and hexons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What gives viruses their shape?

A

Capsid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Viral architecture that is resistant to drying, acid, detergents, and bile

A

Capsid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Protein coat with the nucleic acid inside

A

Nucleocapsid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Lipid membrane acquired from a host cell membrane through budding
Susceptible to organic solvents

A

Envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The viral envelope is susceptible to this

A

Organic solvents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The viral envelope is this

A

Lipid membrane acquired from host cell membrane through budding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The space between the capsid and the envelope

A

Tegument

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The tegument is the space between these

A

Capsid and envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Are host proteins found in isolated enveloped viruses?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

These can associate with the glycoproteins in the viral envelope to localized capsid formation to the appropriate location

A

Viral matrix proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What localizes viral capsid formation to the appropriate location?

A

Viral matrix proteins that associate with glycoproteins in the envelopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Complete infectious virus particle

A

Virion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

For naked viruses, this is the virion

A

Nucleocapsid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

For enveloped viruses, this is the virion

A

Nucleocapsid with the envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

6 stages of the lytic replication cycle for animal viruses

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Penetration and uncoating
  3. Targeting to the site of reproduction
  4. Synthesis (txn and tln)
  5. Assembly
  6. Release
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

2 enzymes required for some viruses that are not found in human cells

A

RNA-dependent DNA pol (make DNA from RNA)
RNA-dependent RNA pol (make RNA from RNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Do DNA viruses require extra enzymes not found in the host?

A

No; just use host enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In the early phase of viral genome replication, these products are made first

A

Early gene products: non-structural proteins
Viral polymerases and regulatory molecules needed for further replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

In the late phase of viral genome replication, these products are made

A

Structural proteins, mainly capsid proteins
Genome replication triggers this step

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What type of host cells are required for viral genomic replication and expression?

A

Rapidly growing host cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Do small or large viruses typically use host polymerases?

A

Small

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Do small or large viruses typically encode their own polymerases?

A

Large

29
Q

Type of virus that can be directly translated by host cell machinery to make virus proteins

A

+ssRNA

30
Q

All RNA viruses except retroviruses require this enzyme for genome replication

A

RNA-dependent RNA pol

31
Q

3 types of viruses that require their own RNA-dependent RNA pol

A

+ssRNA, -ssRNA, and dsRNA

32
Q

Type of virus that must encode an RNA-dependent RNA pol that is packaged in the capsid

A

-ssRNA

33
Q

Difference in polymerase requirements between +ssRNA and -ssRNA viruses

A

Both require their own RNA-dep RNA pol, however -ssRNA must have it packaged in the capsid

34
Q

Type of RNA virus that can be directly translated

A

+ssRNA

35
Q

A retrovirus virion contains these 3 things

A

2 identical +ssRNA molecules
2 tRNA molecules
Reverse transcriptase (RNA-dep DNA pol)

36
Q

How does reverse transcriptase replicate retroviral genome?

A

Produces cDNA copy of the RNA genome in the cytoplasm
cDNA enters the nucleus and integrates into the host genome
Host txn makes viral mRNAs from the integrated cDNA template

37
Q

Reverse transcriptase produces cDNA from the viral RNA genome in this intracellular location

A

Cytoplasm
cDNA then enters the nucleus and integrates into the host genome

38
Q

When does viral assembly begin?

A

Begins when viral “pieces” reach a high enough concentration to induce self assembly

39
Q

Scaffolding proteins may be involved in this step of viral replication

A

Assembly

40
Q

These proteins interact in the target membrane to ensure viral protein localization

A

Viral glycoproteins are inserted into the target membrane where they interact with matrix proteins and capsomeres to ensure protein localization

41
Q

DNA viruses assemble in this intracellular location

A

Nucleus

42
Q

RNA viruses assemble in this intracellular location

A

Cytoplasm

43
Q

Type of viruses that assemble in the nucleus

A

DNA

44
Q

Type of viruses that assemble in the cytoplasm

A

RNA

45
Q

Step of viral replication where enveloped viruses acquire the lipid membrane in a process known as budding

A

Release

46
Q

Enveloped viruses acquire the lipid membrane during release in a process known as this

A

Budding

47
Q

Budding (process where enveloped viruses acquire the lipid membrane) can occur in these 4 cellular locations

A

Plasma membrane
Nuclear membrane
ER
Golgi

48
Q

Virions leave the cell by these 6 possible mechanisms

A

Lysis
Budding
Exocytosis
Bridge traversal
Cell fusion
Vertical transmission

49
Q

Viruses cause pathologic effects, called cytopathic effect, by these 4 mechanisms

A

Lysis
Vacuolization
Inclusion bodies
Cell fusion (syncytia)

50
Q

Viral infections that fail to produce any symptoms in the host are called:

A

Inapparent or subclinical

51
Q

Inapparent or subclinical viral infections refer to this

A

Viral infections that fail to produce any symptoms in the host cell

52
Q

Laboratory tests can be used for these 4 things

A

Confirm diagnosis by identifying infectious agent
Determine the appropriate therapy
Define the course/stage of the disease
Monitor epidemiology

53
Q

In cytologic examination, clinical specimens can be evaluated for this

A

Characteristic cytopathic effect

54
Q

2 components of viruses that can be identified in cytologic examination

A

Syncytia and inclusion bodies

55
Q

Laboratory diagnosis method:
May not be a standard clinical laboratory technique but can be used to detect and identify a virus

A

Electron microscopy

56
Q

Laboratory diagnosis method:
Is usually unnecessary and avoided to reduce the risk to laboratory personnel

A

Virus isolation

57
Q

5 laboratory methods of detection of viral proteins

A

Gel electrophoresis
Western blotting
Hemagglutination
Antigen detection by ELISA
Direct and indirect immunofluorescence

58
Q

In serology, a ______ -fold increase in antibody titer is needed between acute phase and convalescent sera

A

4 fold increase

59
Q

Detection of this Ab is likely an active acute infection

A

IgM

60
Q

Proteinaceous infectious agent, linked to a number of fatal human diseases

A

Prion

61
Q

Prions cause this

A

Brain degeneration
Brain tissue develops sponge-like holes termed transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
Symptoms may not appear for years after infection (slow infection)

62
Q

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are indicative of this

A

Prions

63
Q

Do symptoms from prion infection appear rapidly or slowly?

A

Slow infection; symptoms may not appear for years after infection

64
Q

Normal cellular PrP protein has this secondary structure

A

Alpha helices

65
Q

PrP with alpha helices is this

A

Normal cellular PrP protein (made by all mammals)

66
Q

PrP with beta pleated sheets is this

A

Disease causing form called prion PrP

67
Q

Prion PrP (disease causing form) has this secondary structure

A

Beta pleated sheets

68
Q

Prion PrP (disease causing form) is resistant to these 3 things

A

Proteases, nucleases, and UV light

69
Q

Characteristic of prions that makes it a slow infection

A

Prion PrP changes shape of cellular PrP so it becomes prion PrP

Microbiology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions