Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology Final > Viruses > Flashcards

Viruses Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Adenovirus Basics

A

Where: upper + lower respiratory tract

What type: naked DNA

Geography/season: worldwide, no seasonality

Risk: younger than 14, crowded areas

Transmission: contact with respiratory secretions, contaminated swimming pools, fingers to eyes, infects mucoepithelial cells in respir. and GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Adenovirus Infection

A

Infants/young: respiratory disease

Children: pharyngoconjunctival fever (flu + pink eye)

Infants, young, military, immunocomp.: pneumonia

GI virus: types 40 and 41

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Adenovirus Laboratory

A

Molecular detection*
Antibody/antigen
Cell culture

Antiviral: none
Vaccine: serotypes 4,7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Human Bocavirus Basics

A

Where: upper and lower respiratory

What type: naked DNA

Geography/season: worldwide, late winter/spring

Risk: children

Transmission: contact with respiratory secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Human Bocavirus Infection

A

Self limiting

Wheezing/bronchiolitis in young children

Gastroenteritis in children (~30%)

Most prevalent in children 6 months - 3 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Human Bocavirus Laboratory

A

Molecular, ab/ag
Antiviral: none
Vaccine: none

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Coronavirus Basics

A

Where: upper + lower respiratory tract

What type: enveloped RNA

Geography/season: worldwide, fall/winter but can be whenever

Risk: unvaccinated, younger/infants, cardiopulmonary disease, elderly, immunocomp.

Transmission: contact with respiratory secretions, direct exposure to droplets on mucous membranes, touching membranes with hands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Coronavirus Infection

A

Common cold (2nd most common cause)

15% of upper respir. tract infections

SARS (atypical pneumonia)

Gastroenteritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Coronavirus Laboratory

A

Molecular, antigen POCT

Antivirals: yes
Vaccine: yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Enterovirus Basics

A

What type: naked RNA

Geography/season: worldwide, summer/autumn

Risk: everyone, <18 yo more likely to show symptoms

Transmission: fecal-oral, contact with secretions (fomites possible)

Asymptomatic shedding up to 1 month

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Enterovirus Infection

and laboratory

A

Fever, runny nose, sneeze, cough

Asthmatic children: wheezing, breathing problem

Acute flaccid myelitis: sudden onset limb weakness (outbreaks)

Antivirals: yes
Vaccine: no

Molecular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hantavirus Basics

A

What type: enveloped RNA

Geography/season: common in summer

Risk: everyone

Transmission: rodent contact, inhaling aerosolized excretions

Sin Nombre and Seoul virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hantavirus Infection

A

HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME (HPS)

  • caused by Sin Nombre virus

1-8 weeks post exposure, a lot in western US

Fatigue, fever, muscle ache, cough, shortness of breath, respiratory failure, death within days (38% fatality)

HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME

  • caused by Seoul virus

Many mild cases, headache, back and abd. pain, fever, nausea, blurred vision, rash

Low blood pressure, vascular leakage, acute kidney failure (1-15% fatality)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hantavirus Laboratory

A

Antibody, molecular
Antiviral: no
Vaccine: no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Influenza Basics

A

Where: upper and lower resp. tract

What type: enveloped RNA, type A and B

Geography/season: worldwide, winter

Risk: unvaccinated, elderly, immunocomp., cardiac or respiratory problems

Transmission: contact with secretions, school children, infectious aerosols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Influenza Antigenic Changes

A

Shifts: major change in surface antigens

Genetic recombination, can cause pandemic

Drifts: minor change in surface antigens

Point mutations in gene segment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Influenza Infection

A

Acute influenza (adults): rapid fever, malaise, myalgia, sore through, cough

Acute (children): like adults, higher fever, GI tract symptoms, vomiting, otitis media, myositis, croup

Complications: primary pneumonia, secondary bacterial pneumonia, cardiac problems, encephalitis, neurological issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Influenza Laboratory

A

Antigen POCT, molecular, cell culture, EIA

Antiviral: yes
Vaccine: yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Human Parainfluenza Basics

A

Where: upper + lower resp. tract

What type: enveloped RNA

Respirovirus 1 and 3
Rubulavirus 2 and 4

Geography/season: worldwide

Respirovirus 1 - autumn every other year

3 - spring, summer

Rubulavirus 2 - autumn every other year

4 - autumn, winter

Risk: all, more severe for infants

Transmission: contact with respir. secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Human Parainfluenza Infection

A

Cold like symptoms

Croup (barking cough) - respirovirus 1, rubulavirus 2

Bronchiolitis, bronchitis + pneumonia - respirovirus 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Human Parainfluenza Laboratory

A

Molecular, culture
Antivirals: no
Vaccine: no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Human Metapneumovirus

A

Where: lower respir. tract

What type: enveloped RNA

Geography/season: worldwide, late winter/spring

Risk: all, more severe for infants

Transmission: contact with secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Human Metapneumovirus Infection

and laboratory

A

Cold like symptoms

Bronchitis or pneumonia

Antiviral: no
Vaccine: no

Molecular, antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Basics

A

Where: upper and lower respir. tract

What type: enveloped RNA

Geography/season: worldwide, winter

Risk: all, more severe for infants and elderly

Transmission: contact with secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection

and lab

A

Most common cause of severe lower respir. tract disease in infants + young children

Cold like symptoms, bronchiolitis, pneumonia

Molecular, antigen POCT, culture
Antiviral: no, monoclonal antibody yes
Vaccine: for >60 y/o in 2023

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Mumps Virus Basics

A

Where: upper respir. tract

What type: enveloped RNA

Geography/season: worldwide, late winter/spring

Risk: unvaccinated, immunocompromised

Transmission: contact with secretions (droplet)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Mumps Virus Infection

and lab

A

Asymptomatic to mild, flu-like, parotitis

Severe: inflammation of testicles, ovaries, pancreas, meningitis, deafness

Molecular, antibody, presentation, culture
Antiviral: no
Vaccine: MMR vaccine yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Rhinovirus Basics

A

Where: upper resp. tract

What type: naked RNA

Geography/season: worldwide, early autumn/spring

Risk: all, children 2 colds a year, adults 1 cold a year

Transmission: contact with secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Rhinovirus Infection

and lab

A

Most common cause of cold
>100 serotypes
Asymptomatic to mild
Severe lower resp. disease

Molecular, presentation, culture
Antivirals: no
Vaccine: no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Arbovirus Basics

A

Type: enveloped RNA, CNS
La Crosse, St. Louis Encephalitis, West Nile, Zika
When: summertime
Risk: outdoors, age, endemic travel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

La Crosse Virus General

A

Type: arbovirus
Where: eastern half of US, wooded areas
Transmission: mosquito
Infection: mostly asymptomatic, fever
* Severe: encephalitis, comas and siezures, younger than 16 biological risk for severe disease
Antivirals: no
Vaccine: no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

St. Louis Encephalitis Virus General

A

Type: arbovirus
Where: throughout USA
Transmission: mosquito
Infection: mostly asymptomatic, fever, headache
* Severe: >60 years old riskier, encephalitis/meningitis, death
Antivirals: no
Vaccine: no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

West Nile Virus General

A

Type: arbovirus
Where: worldwide
Transmission: mosquito, blood transfusion
Infection: mostly asymptomatic, West Nile Fever
* Severe: >60 years old, encephalitis
Antivirals: no
Vaccine: no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Zika Virus General

A

Type: arbovirus
Where: South America
Transmission: Aedes mosquito, congenital, blood transfusion, sexual
Infection: mostly asymptomatic, fever, Guillain-Barre syndrome
* Pregnant women: microcephaly newborns, fetal loss, preterm
Antivirals: no
Vaccine: no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Cytomegalovirus Basics

A

Type: enveloped DNA
Herpes family
Transmission: body fluid contact, transplants/fusions, congenital
Risks: neonates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Cytomegalovirus Infection

A

Life long, reactivation possible
Mononucleosis: fever, sore throat
Congenital: rash, jaundice, microcephaly, hearing loss common
Immunocompromised: pneumonia, failure of organ transplants, retinitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Cytomegalovirus Laboratory

A

Molecular, antibody
Antivirals: yes
Vaccine: no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Poliovirus Basics

A

Type: enveloped RNA, CNS
Enterovirus family
Transmission: fecal oral, resp. secretions
Risk: endemic travel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Poliovirus Infection

A

Flu like symptoms
Severe: meningitis, paralysis, muscle pain weakness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Poliovirus Laboratory

A

Stool culture, molecular in stool, antibody
Antivirals: no
Vaccine: yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Echovirus and Parechovirus Basics

A

Type: enveloped RNA
Entervirus family
Transmission: respi. secretion
Risk: older children, all at risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Echovirus and Parechovirus Infection

and lab

A

Flu like if mild
Severe: meningitis, rare paralysis

Molecular, antibody, culture
Antivirals: no
Vaccine: no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

John Cunningham Virus Basics

A

Type: naked DNA
Transmission: urine or respir. secretions
Where: worldwide, no seasons
Risk: everyone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

John Cunningham Virus Infection

A

Lifelong, reactivation possible in immunocompromised
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) damages myelin that covers nerves in brain
AIDS, organ transplants, cancers, immunosuppressed patients at risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

John Cunningham Virus Laboratory

A

Clinical presentation, MRI of brain, molecular CSF, brain biopsy
Antiviral: no
Vaccine: no

46
Q

Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Basics

A

Type: enveloped RNA
Transmission: rodent salive, urine, feces, aerosols, congenital
Where: Europe, Australia, Japan, Americas
Risk: neonates, rodent contact

47
Q

Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Infection

A

Biphasic
Phase 1: flu like
Phase 2: meningitis, rare encephalitis,
Congenital: fetal death, birth defects

47
Q

Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Laboratory

A

Antibody, molecular
Antiviral: no
Vaccine: no

48
Q

Rabies Basics and Infection

A

Type: enveloped RNA
Transmission: wild animal saliva from bite
Infection: prodrome phase with pain and fever, neurologic phase with hallucinations, coordination problems
Then

49
Q

Rabies Laboratory

A

Molecular, antibody, skin biopsy, Negri bodies
Antivirals: no
Post exposure prophylaxis
Vaccine: yes

50
Q

Astrovirus Basics

A

Type: naked RNA
Transmission: food/water
Where: winter and spring
Risk: all, elderly and young

51
Q

Astrovirus Infection

And lab

A

Incubation 3-4 days
Gastroenteritis
Symptoms last 2-7 days
Association with meningitis, disseminated

Antivirals: no
Vaccine: no

52
Q

Norovirus Basics

A

Type: naked RNA
Transmission: food, fecal oral, contact with infected person, leafy greens, fruits, shellfish
Where: worldwide, winter, cruise shoops, healthcare places
Risk: all, elderly and young

53
Q

Norovirus Infection

and lab

A

Incubation 12-48 hours
Gastroenteritis
Symptoms last 2-3 days

Antiviral: no
Vaccine: in the future, no

54
Q

Sapovirus Basics

A

Type: naked RNA
Transmission: fecal oral, food, infected person
Where: worldwide, winter
Risk: everyone, elderly and young

55
Q

Sapovirus Infection

and lab

A

Incubation 12-48 hours
Gastroenteritis
Symptoms last 1-2 days

Antivirals: no
Vaccine: no

56
Q

Rotavirus Basics

A

Type: naked RNA
Transmission: fecal oral, food water, infected person
Where: worldwide, winter and spring
Risk: infants

57
Q

Rotavirus Infection

and lab

A

Incubation 2 days
Gastroenteritis, severe diarrhea and dehydration
Symptoms last 3-8 days
Bad for infants

Antivirals: no
Vaccine: yes

58
Q

Hepatitis A Basics

A

Type: naked RNA

Transmission: fecal oral, sexual, contaminated fruit, shellfish, water

Geography/season: worldwide, Africa and Asia, no seasonality

Risk: endemic country travel, crowds, needles

59
Q

Hepatitis A Infection

and lab

A

Asymptomatic (mostly children)
Incubation average 28 days
Mild: fever, fatigue, nausea, dark urine, jaundice

Severe: liver failure/death (more common in people with liver disease)

Antivirals: no
Vaccine: yes
Post Ex Pro 2 weeks

60
Q

Hepatitis B and D Basics

A

Type: enveloped DNA

Transmission: blood contact, transfusion, organ transplant, congenital, sexual

Geography/season: worldwide, Africa + Asia (HBV), Europe, ME, W+C Africa, E+S Asia (HDV), no seasonality

Risk: neonate of infected pregnant woman, endemic region travel, many sexual partners, IV drug users, healthcare workers

61
Q

Hepatitis B/D Infection

and lab

A

Average 120 day incubation
Acute: 3 wks - 6 months

Fever, fatigue, appetite, dark urine, jaundice, joint pain, vomiting
Chronic: slow progressing without symptoms for decades
Liver cirrhosis or cancer

Hep D superinfection: HDV only comes with or after HBV, rapid progression of symptoms, liver cirrhosis + failure, fulminant hepatitis more likely, more aggressive

Antivirals: yes, for chronic
Vaccine: yes
Post Ex Pro

62
Q

Hepatitis C Basics

A

Type: enveloped RNA

Transmission: infected blood, transfusion, organ transplant, congenital, sexual

Geography/season: worldwide, no seasonality

Risk: transplant/transfusion patients, IV drugs, neonate of infected pregnant woman, healthcare workers

63
Q

Hepatitis C Infection

and lab

A

4 - 10 week incubation

Acute: 2 wks - 3 months

Fever, fatigue, appetite loss, vomiting and pain, dark urine, jaundice, joint pain

Chronic: slow progressing, liver failure, cirrhosis or cancer

Antivirals: yes
Vaccine: no

64
Q

Hepatitis E Basics

A

Type: naked RNA

Transmission: fecal-oral, contaminated water + food, blood transfusion

Geography/season: worldwide, E+S Asia, no seasonality

Risk: endemic region travel

65
Q

Hepatitis E Infection

and lab

A

2-10 week incubation

Mostly asymptomatic

Mild: jaundice, dark urine, joint pain, fatigue, fever, vomiting

Pregnant: more severe, liver failure, 10-30% mortality

Rare chronic infection

Antivirals: no
Vaccine: in china

66
Q

Coxsackievirus A Basics

A

Type: naked RNA
Type of enterovirus

Transmission: fecal oral, respiratory secretion (fomites possible)

Geography/season: worldwide, autumn + summer

Risk: newborns + neonates

67
Q

Coxsackievirus A Infection

and lab

A

Asymptomatic to mild, self limiting, like the flu
Hand-foot-mouth: fever, sore throat, then painful sores develop in mouth, then skin rash on hands and feet or genital area

Antivirals: no
Vaccine: no

68
Q

Herpesvirus 6 and 7 Basics

A

Type: enveloped DNA

Transmission: respiratory secretions

Geography/season: worldwide, no seasonality

Risk: children

69
Q

Herpesvirus 6 and 7 Infection

and lab

A

Life long, rare reactivation
Roseola
High fever, rash on torso, arms, legs, back, and face, can last hours - days
Most people don’t get a rash, children do

Antivirals: no
Vaccine: no

70
Q

Primate Erythroparvovirus 1 Basics

A

Type: naked DNA (smallest DNA virus)

Transmission: respiratory secretions, rare congenital

Geography/season: worldwide, late winter, spring

Risk: fetus of pregnant women, children <15 yo

71
Q

Primate Erythroparvovirus 1 Infection

and lab

A

“Fifth disease” (erythema infectiosum): slapped cheek appearance
Asymptomatic to mild flu-like
Rash after fever
Chronic anemia patients, aplastic crisis (invades RBCs)
Pregnant women: risk of fetal loss

Antivirals: no
Vaccine: no

72
Q

Measles Morbillivirus Basics

A

Type: enveloped RNA

Transmission: respir. secretions, most highly communicable, hard to have herd immunity

Geography/season: worldwide, autumn, late winter, early spring

Risk: unvaccinated, immunocompromised

73
Q

Measles Infection

and lab

A

High fever and rash, head to trunk
Koplik spots on mucous membrane
Pneumonia is most common cause of deaths
Encephalitis

Antivirals: no
Vaccine: yes, MMR vaccine

74
Q

Varicella Zoster Basics

A

Type: enveloped DNA

Transmission: respir. secretions, skin vesicle contact

Geography/season: worldwide, no seasonality

Risk: non vaccinated, immunocompromised

75
Q

Varicella Zoster Infection

and herpes, lab

A

Lifelong
Chickenpox
Herpes: Shingles, weakened immune system rash

Antivirals: yes
Vaccine: yes

76
Q

Orthopoxvirus Basic

A

Type: enveloped DNA

Three types:

  • Smallpox variola major/minor
  • Vaccinia
  • M-pox

Largest most complex virus

Transmission: resp. secretion, direct contact with lesion, fomites possible

Geography/season: monkeypox in Africa, no seasonality

Risk: non vaccinated, immunocompromised, smallpox vaccine adverse effects

77
Q

Smallpox Infection

A

Variola major (15-40% mortality)

Minor (1% mortality)

  1. Prodrome: fever, body aches
  2. Rash: 14 days, most infectious stage
  3. Scabs: infectious until scabs have fallen off
78
Q

Vaccinia Infection

A

Used for smallpox vaccine

Live virus

Risks: if you have skin conditions, immunosuppression, pregnant, heart disease

Necrosis at vacc. site

Ocular vaccinia

General rash

Encephalitis

Multiple puncture technique

79
Q

M-pox Infection

A
  1. Prodrome: fever, aches
  2. Rash: deep lesions that evolve together, can be on hands and feet
80
Q

Orthopoxvirus Laboratory

A

Clinical stages of rash development and spread of rash
Molecular detection

Antivirals: for small + mpox*

Vaccine: for small + mpox*

81
Q

Smallpox vs. Chickenpox

A

SMALLPOX

Face, arms and legs

CHICKENPOX

Face, back and trunk

Develops faster

82
Q

Rubella Virus Basics

A

Type: enveloped RNA

Transmission: resp. secretions

Geography/season: worldwide, no seasonality

Risk: non vaccinated, neonates of susceptible preg women 90% chance of spread

83
Q

Rubella Infection

and lab

A

Rubella (of the 5 classic rashes)

Rash starts on face, mild symptoms

Miscarriage, congenital defects

Blindness, deafness, intellectual problems, heart problems

Vaccine: yes, MMR

Antivirals: no
Vaccine: yes, MMR

84
Q

BK Polyomavirus Basics

A

Type: naked DNA

Geography: worldwide, no seasonality

Transmission: urine-oral, fecal-oral, respir. secretions

Risk: immunocompromised

Other: 90% infected by age 4

85
Q

BK Polyomavirus Infection

and lab

A

Lifelong virus, reactivation in immunocompromised
Latent in kidney
Asymptomatic to mild flu like
Severe: cystitis, loss of kidney transplant

Antivirals: no
Vaccine: no

86
Q

Coxsackievirus B Basics

A

Type: naked RNA
Type of enterovirus

Geography: worldwide

Transmission: fecal-oral, respir. secretions, fomites possible

Risk: neonates, immunocompromised

87
Q

Coxsackievirus B Infection

and lab

A

Mostly asymptomatic
Severe:
Myopericarditis beginning with flu like symptoms, chest pain
Aseptic meningitis
Pancreatitis, type 1 diabetes

Antivirals: no
Vaccine: no

88
Q

Chikungunya Virus Basics

A

Type: enveloped RNA

Geography: Afria, Asia, Americas, Caribbean outbreak

Transmission: mosquito

Risk: endemic travel

89
Q

Chikungunya Virus Infection

and lab

A

Mild: flu like, severe prolonged joint pain

Severe: newborns and elderly at risk

Neurological complications

Antivirals: no
Vaccine: no

90
Q

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Basics

A

Type: enveloped DNA
Herpes family

Geography: worldwide, no seasonality

Transmission: saliva contact, sexual, blood and organ trans.

Risk: children and teens

Other: 90% of adults have been infected

91
Q

EBV Infection

and lab

A

Lifelong targets B lymphs

Mostly asymptomatic

Mild: infectious mononucleosis (mono), fatigue, fever, body aches, pharyngitis

Severe: Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Antivirals: no
Vaccine: no

92
Q

Ebolavirus Basics

A

Type: enveloped RNA

Geography: Africa, no seasonality

Transmission: blood or body fluids, spillover event, broken skin or mucous membranes

Risks: endemic travel, hospital staff/family members caring for patients, African residents

Other: human first infected by animal

93
Q

Ebolavirus Infection

and lab

A

Mild symptoms: “dry” like flu to “wet” symptoms like diarrhea and vomiting

Severe: hemorrhagic fever

Internal + external bleeds, 50% mortality

Antivirals: no

Monocl abs.
Vaccine: yes, zaire ebola

94
Q

Lassa Virus Basics

A

Type: enveloped RNA

Geography: tropics of Africa, S America, no seasonality

Transmission: rodent droppings and urine

Person to person through body secretions

Risks: endemic travel, rodent reservoirs

Other: Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone

95
Q

Lassa Virus Infection

and lab

A

Mostly mild flu like symptoms

Severe: hemorrhaging of gums, eyes, nose

Respiratory distress, vomiting, shock

Neurologic symptoms

Deafness

Death from multi organ failure

Antivirals: if given early

Vaccine: no

96
Q

Marburg Virus Basics

A

Type: enveloped RNA

Geography: Africa, maybe summer and winter due to young bats

Transmission: spillover event, blood and body fluids, broken skin, mucous membranes, contact with fomites

Risks: cave goers with bats, caretakers of patients

97
Q

Marburg Virus Infection

and lab

A

Mild symptoms: “dry” like flu to “wet” symptoms like diarrhea and vomiting

Only contagious when symptomatic

Severe: hemorrhagic fever

Internal + external bleeds, 50% mortality

Antivirals: no

Vaccine: no

98
Q

Arbovirus Basics

A

Type: enveloped RNA

Dengue virus and yellow fever

Geography: mosquito habitats, Africa and S America, summertime, SE Asia

Transmission: aedes mosquito, congenital and blood/transplants (dengue only)
Risks: endemic area, outdoors, blood transfusions
Other:
Dengue: human reservoir
Yellow fever: monkey reservoir

99
Q

Yellow Fever Infection

No antiviral

Vaccine: yes limited

A

Flu like with back pain, nausea

Weakness and fatigue prolonged

Severe: sometimes after brief remission

High fever, jaundice, bleeding, organ failure

30-60% mortality

100
Q

Dengue Virus Infection

A

Asymptomatic to mild

Flu like with bone and joint pain (break bone fever), sometimes rash or eye pain

Severe: shock, internal bleeding and death after fever

Risk increases if previously exposed to Dengue

Antiviral: no

Vaccine: yes limited

101
Q
A
102
Q

Herpes Simplex 1 + 2 Basics

A

Type: enveloped DNA

Transmission: direct contact w/ secretions

1: transmitted orally

2: transmitted sexually

Geo: worldwide, no season

Risk: sexually active ppl, children, immunocompromised

103
Q

Herpes Simplex Virus Infection

and lab

A

Lifelong, reactivation possible

Asymptomatic, HSV-1 common in childhood, never detected

Mild: flu like, cold sores, fever blisters, genital lesions, herpetic whitlow

Severe: disseminated disease in immunocompromised and neonates, encephalitis (HSV-1 mostly), meningitis (HSV-2 mostly)

Antivirals: yes, shortens illness

Vaccine: no

104
Q

Genital Herpes

A

Painful

Most common ulcerative STD

HSV simplex 2

No cure

12% of USA has HSV-2

More common in women due to male to female transmission vs. male to female transmission

105
Q

HIV 1 + 2 Basics

A

Type: enveloped RNA

Transmission: sexual contact, blood exposure, organ transplant, perinatal exposure

Geo: worldwide, no season

Risk: needle drug use, sexually active, newborns of HIV mothers, blood/organ recipients before 1985

106
Q

HIV 1 + 2 Infection

and lab

A

Lifelong

Affects CD4/T cells

Acute: 2-4 weeks flu, immune response stabilizes infection

Clinical latency: asymptomatic/chronic, HIV still active, reproduces at low levels

Lasts up to a decade

Antiretroviral therapy = longer clinical latency

Antivirals: yes
Pre Ex Pro

Vaccine: no

107
Q

HIV/AIDS Infection

A

AIDS: acquired immune deficiency

CD4 < 200 cells per mm^3

Reference range: 500-1600

Vulnerable to infections, cancers

Life expectancy without treatment: 3 years, opportunistic: 1 year

108
Q

Human T-Cell Lymphocytic Virus HTLV Basics

A

Type: enveloped RNA

Transmission: sexual, blood, organ, breastfeeding

Geo: endemic Japan, C + W Africa, Caribbean, S America, no season

Risk: vein drug user, sex, newborns of positive mothers, Native American

Other: most common through drug users in USA

109
Q

HTLV Infection

and lab

A

Lifelong

Mostly asymptomatic

Symptoms very late 20-30 years after infection

Adult acute T leukemia/lymphoma

Neurologic disease: weakness in legs, backache, more in women

Antiviral: no

Vaccine: no

110
Q

Human Papillomavirus HPV Basics

A

Type: naked DNA

Transmission: direct or sexual contact

Geo: worldwide, no season

Risk: sex

Other: most common STI, more than 200 subtypes

111
Q

HPV Infection

and lab

A

Mostly asymptomatic

Can lead to cervical cancer

Nongenital cutaneous: benign plantar warts

Mucosal: squamos cell carcinoma of lung, laryngeal carcinoma, respiratory papillomatosis

Anogenital: genital warts, carcinoma of reproductive area

Antivirals: no

Vaccine: yes

Microbiology Final (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions