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Parasites Flashcards

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1
Q

Hookworm Basics

A

Type: GI nematode
Where: worldwide, warm humid soil
Reservoir: human

Second most common helminth

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2
Q

Hookworm Lifecycle

A
  1. Filariform larvae penetrate skin and travel through blood
  2. To lungs, up trachea, coughed and swallowed
  3. In GI tract, mature and reproduce
  4. Eggs released in feces
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3
Q

Hookworm Infection

A

Allergic reaction at entry
Pneumonitis
GI symtoms
Anemia

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4
Q

Hookworm Laboratory

A

Non bile stained segmented eggs

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5
Q

Ascaris Lumbricoides Basics

A

Type: GI nematode, roundworm
Where: warm countries, poor sanitation
Reservoir: human
Risk: children

Third most common helminth

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6
Q

Ascaris Lumbricoides Lifecycle

A
  1. Egg ingested, hatches, pierce intesinal wall
  2. Travel through lungs, trachea, coughed and swallowed
  3. In GI tract, mature and reproduce
  4. Eggs released in feces
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7
Q

Ascaris Lumbricoides Infection

A

Pneumonitis
Liver, gallbladder, bile duct dissemination
Childhood malnutrition, stunted physical and mental growth

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8
Q

Ascaris Lumbricoides Laboratory

A

Knobby coated, bile stained egg
Visible adult worm can pass in stool

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9
Q

Enterobius Vermicularis Basics

A

Type: GI nematode pinworm
Where: worldwide, temperate climates
Reservoir: human

Most common helminth

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10
Q

Enterobius Vermicularis Lifecycle

A
  1. Egg ingested, hatch and mature in intestine
  2. Female lays egg around anus at night
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11
Q

Enterobius Vermicularis Infection

A

Itching, secondary bacterial infection, allergic reaction

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12
Q

Enterobius Vermicularis Laboratory

A

Anal sticky swab, eggs and worm in microscope view

Treat whole family, clean whole house

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13
Q

Strongyloides Stercoralis Basics

A

Type: GI nematode threadworm
Where: warm areas, sub/tropics, Brazil, Thailand
Reservoir: human but some dog and primates

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14
Q

Strongyloides Stercoralis Lifecycle

A
  1. Filariform larvae penetrate skin, travel to intestines, mature and reproduce in GI tract
  2. Eggs hatch, rhabditiform larvae pass in stool or stay inside and cause autoinfection
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15
Q

Strongyloides Stercoralis Infection

And diagnostics

A

Pneumonitis from autoinfection
Can carry enteric bacteria
Hyperinfection in immunocompromised
Heavy load causes inflammation, ulceration

Diagnostic: dult larvae in stool, eggs not usually seen

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16
Q

Tirchuris Trichuria Basics

A

Type: GI nematode whipworm
Where: tropical, poor sanitation, heavy rainfall
Reservoir: human

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17
Q

Trichuris Trichuria Lifecycle

A
  1. Eggs ingested, hatch in intestines, mature
  2. Reproduce and shed eggs
  3. Eggs released in stool
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18
Q

Trichuris Trichuria Infection

And diagnostics

A

High burden: pain, bloody diarrhea, weight loss, prolapse rectum in children

Dianostic: bile stained egg with polar plug

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19
Q

Dibothriocephalus Latus Basics

A

Type: GI cestode fish tapeworm
Where: cool lake regions, temperate
Reservoir: animals

Consumption of raw or undercooked fish

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20
Q

Dibothriocephalus Latus Lifecycle

A
  1. Eggs become coracidia, ingested by crustacean, then turn into larvae, crustacean ingested by fish
  2. Larvae in fish tissue ingested by human
  3. Mature in GI tract, reproduce
  4. Eggs shed in stool
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21
Q

Dibothrocephalus Latus Infection

And diagnostics

A

Pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, low B12

Diagnostics: operculated egg with knob at bottom, proglottid with rosette uterine structure

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22
Q

Dipylidium Canium Basics

A

Type: GI cestode
Where: worldwide
Reservoir: cats and dogs

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23
Q

Dipylidium Canium Lifecycle

A
  1. Flea consumes egg packet, oncosphere releases cysticercoid into flea intestine
  2. Cysticercoid flea consumed by human/animal, matures into adult
  3. Proglottids are shed in stool and release egg packets
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24
Q

Dipylidium Canium Infection

And diagnostics

A

Discomfort, diarrhea, self limiting usually

Diagnostic: egg packets, proglottids in stool

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25
Q

Hymenolepis Nana Basics

A

Type: GI cestode dwarf tapeworm
Where: worldwide, poor sanitation, SE USA, institutions
Reservoir: rodents

Most common cestode

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26
Q

Hymenolepis Nana Lifecycle

Intermediate host is beetle or flea

A
  1. Egg consumed from contaminated stuff
  2. Cysticercoid larvae in intestines mature, reproduce
  3. Eggs released in stool
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27
Q

Hymenolepis Nana Infection

And diagnostics

A

Autoinfection possible
Heavy burden: diarrhea, pain, itching, anorexia

Diagnostic: six-hooked embryo and polar filaments

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28
Q

Taenia Basics

A

Type: GI cestode, solium or saginata
Where: C. Asia, E + C Africa
Reservoirs: solium - pig, saginata - cow

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29
Q

Taenia Lifecycle

A
  1. Cysticercoid larvae in meat consumed
  2. Larvae mature in intestines, reproduce
  3. Eggs released in environment
  4. Eggs eaten by intermediate host
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30
Q

Taenia Infection

And diagnostics

A

Autoinfection possible
T. solium: can cause cysticercosis, neurocysticercosis - common in Mexico

Diagnostics: solium - 7-15 branches, crown of hooks, saginata - 15-30 branches, no hooks

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31
Q

Intestinal Trematodes General

Where, infection, diagnostic

A

Where: wherever the snail range is
Heavy infection: discomfort, diarrhea, bowel obstruction, ulcers, weight loss
Diagnostic: eggs/adult fluke in stool or vomit

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32
Q

Intestinal Trematode Lifecycle

A
  1. Metacercariae in secondary intermediate host (fish, insect, crab, oyster) ingested, excyst and attach to intestine
  2. Mature and reproduce, eggs passed in stool
  3. Eggs release miracidia that infect snails
  4. Cercariae released from snail and encyst as metacercariae in secondary intermediate host
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33
Q

Entamoeba Histolytica Basics

+ risks

A

Type: GI protozoan amoeba
Where: C+S America, Africa, Asia, sub/tropics, freshwater
Reservoir: human and animal
Risks: immigrants, HIV positive, tourists, fecally contaminated water/food

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34
Q

Entamoeba Histolytica Lifecycle

A
  1. Cysts consumed, excyst in GI tract
  2. Trophs remain or invade mucosa/blood vessels, trophs multiply and produce more cysts
  3. Cysts and trophs are both passed in stool
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35
Q

Entamoeba Histolyica Infection

and diagnostics

A

Mild amebiasis: loose stool, pain
Severe: amebic dysentery, bloody stools
Disseminated: rare but invades liver, lungs or brain

Diagnostics: trophozoites with ingested RBCs or cysts in stool, immunodiagnosis, molecular analysis

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36
Q

Giardia Lamblia Basics

A

Type: GI protozoan, flagellate
Where: worldwide, most common in US, northern states, raw water supply, some filtered water too
Reservoir: animal

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37
Q

Giardia Lamblia Lifecycle

A
  1. Ingest cysts in contaminated food/water, excyst and trophs released
  2. Trophs multiply and produce cysts, both passed in stool
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38
Q

Giardia Lamblia Infection

and diagnostics

A

Diarrhea, malabsorption, weight loss, smelly farts af, greasy stool, lactose intolerance after infection

Diagnostic: intermittent shedding showers, cysts and trophs in stool

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39
Q

Cystoisospora Belli Basics

A

Type: GI protozoan coccidian
Where: worldwide, sub/tropics, daycares and institutions
Reservoir: humans

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40
Q

Cystoisospora Belli Lifecycle

A
  1. Ingest sporocyst-containing oocyst in contaminated stuff
  2. Sporocysts excyst and release sporozoites, invade epithelial cell, sexual and asexual reproduction
  3. Oocysts released in stool
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41
Q

Cystoisospora Belli Infection

and diagnostic

A

More common in immunocompromised, AIDS, GI disease and dehydration

Diagnostic: microscopy of oocysts

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42
Q

Cryptosporidium Basics

A

Type: GI protozoan, coccidian
Where: worldwide, developing countries, children
Reservoirs: human and animal

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43
Q

Cryptosporidium Lifecycle

A
  1. Ingest sporocyst-containing oocyst in contaminated stuff
  2. Sporocysts excyst and release sporozoites, invade epithelial cell, sexual and asexual reproduction
  3. Oocysts released in stool
44
Q

Cryptosporidium Infection

and diagnostics

A

Acute, watery diarrhea, pain, mild fever, nausea
50+ stools per day, heavy fluid loss
Gallbladder infection

Diagnostics: microscopy of oocysts in stool, molecular, immunodiagnosis

45
Q

Cyclospora Cayetanensis Basics

and risks

A

Type: GI protozoan, coccidian
Where: worldwide, Mexico, Peru
Reservoir: human
Risks: raspberries, unwashed veggies

46
Q

Cyclospora Cayetanensis Lifecycle

A
  1. Ingest **sporocyst-containing oocyst ** in contaminated stuff
  2. Sporocysts excyst and release sporozoites, invade epithelial cell, sexual and asexual reproduction
  3. Oocysts released in stool
47
Q

Cyclospora Cayetanensis Infection

and diagnostics

A

Nausea, watery diarrhea lasting 6-7 weeks, immunocompromised diarrhea may last for months

Diagnostic: oocysts in stool

48
Q

Dientamoeba Fragilis Basics

A

Type: GI protozoan, flagellate (no flagella though lol)
Where: worldwide, crowded places, children
Reservoir: human

49
Q

Dientamoeba Fragilis Lifecycle

A
  1. Trophs ingested in contaminated stuff (possible helminth eggs)
  2. Multiply in intestines and tophs released in stool
50
Q

Dientamoeba Fragilis Infection

and diagnostics

A

Abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, weight loss, 1-2 weeks

Diagnostics: trophs in stool

51
Q

Blastocystis Basics

A

Type: GI protozoan, SAR
Where: worldwide
Reservoir: human, farm animals, birds, rodents, fish, cockroaches

52
Q

Blastocystis Lifecycle

A
  1. Ingest cyst from contaminated stuff
  2. Replicate in GI tract
  3. Cyst and vacuolar forms shed in stool
53
Q

Blastocystis Infection

and diagnostic

A

Water diarrhea, pain, itching, weight loss, excessive gas

Diagnostic: cysts in stool

54
Q

Wuchereria Bancrofti and Brugia Malayi Basics

A

Type: blood helminth, filarial worm
Where: India, Africa, Asia
Vector: mosquito
TIme: night

55
Q

Wuchereria Bancrofti and Brugia Malayi Lifecycle

A
  1. Mosquito transfers filarial larvae, reside in lymphatics, develops microfilariae
  2. Microfilariae migrate to blood at night or lymph (Wuchereria only)
56
Q

Wuchereria Bancrofti and Brugia Malayi Infection

and diagnostic

A

Lymphatic filariasis
Lymphedema/elephantiasis: fluid collection, swelling in limbs, secondary bacterial infections
Pulmonary eosinophilia syndrome

Diagnostic: microfilariae in blood at night, antigen detection any time of day

57
Q

Onchocerca Volvulus Basics

A

Type: blood helminth, filarial worm
Where: Africa, C+S. America
Vector: blackfly
Time: any time

58
Q

Onchocerca Volvulus Lifecycle

A
  1. Blackfly transfers larvae, develop in nodules in subcutaneous tissue
  2. Microfilariae produced, found in skin or lymph
59
Q

Onchocerca Volvulus Infection

and diagnostics

A

River blindness: second leading infectious cause of blindness in the world
Skin rash - caused by allergic reaction as microfilariae migrate through tissues

Diagnostic: microfilariae in skin snip, biospy, molecular methods

60
Q

Loa Loa Basics

A

Type: blood helminth, filarial worm
Where: rainforests in Africa, Congo, West Africa
Vector: deerfly
Time: daytime

61
Q

Loa Loa Lifecycle

A
  1. Deerfly transmits larvae, larvae live in tissue up to 17 yrs
  2. Microfilariae produced, found in lymphs and lungs
  3. Migrate to blood during day
62
Q

Loa Loa Infection

and diagnostics

A

Calabar swellings: from allergic reaction to worm, on extremities
Eye worm: visible movement under eye or skin

Diagnostic: calabar swellings, worms in eye or skin, microfilariae in blood

63
Q

Trichinella Spiralis Basics

A

Type: blood helminth
Where: worldwide, meat eaters, wild game, hunters
Reservoir: animals

64
Q

Trichinella Spiralis Lifecycle

A
  1. Encysted larvae consumed from undercooked meat, released into intestine after contact with gastric acid
  2. Mature and reproduce, larvae migrate into muscles
  3. Larvae encyst and produce microfilariae, found in lymphs and lungs
65
Q

Trichinella Spiralis Infection

and diagnostics

A

Diarrhea, pain, vomiting
Fever, blurred vision
Neurological, heart, breathing problems

Diagnostics: tissue biopsy, antibody, clinical history

66
Q

Toxocara Basics

A

Type: blood helminth, nematode
Where: worldwide
Reservoir: dog and cat intestine

67
Q

Toxocara Lifecycle

A
  1. Ingest egg or undercooked meat
  2. Hatch, larvae penetrate walls and carried by circulation
  3. Humans accidental hosts
68
Q

Toxocara Infection

and diagnostics

A

Children, self limiting
Visceral larval migrans (VLM): fever, coughin, hepatomegaly, caused by repeated infections
Ocular larva migrans (OLM): no respiratory symptoms or fever, worm enters eye, inflammation

Diagnostics: history, fecal exam of pets, antibody detection

69
Q

Echinococcus Basics

A

Type: blood helminth, cestode
Where: Argentina, Peru, Africa, Asia
Reservoir: carnivores
Other: humans accidental hosts

70
Q

Echinococcus Lifecycle

A
  1. Ingestion of egg from contaminated stuff
  2. Oncospheres released
  3. Hydatid cysts develop in organs
71
Q

Echinococcus Infection

and diagnostics

A

Cystic echinococcus: hydatid cysts in liver, lungs, can rupture and cause anaphylactic reactions, death
Alveolar echinococcus: lesions in liver, liver failure, death

Diagnostic: cyst with paracyte and protoscolices, ultrasound, molecular, antibody

72
Q

Clonorchis Sinensis Basics

A

Type: blood helminth, liver trematode
Where: Asia
Reservoir: human, dog, cat

73
Q

Clonorchis Sinensis Lifecycle

A
  1. Metacercariae ingested in undercoocked seafood, excyst and move to biliary tract
  2. Release eggs in stool
74
Q

Clonorchis Sinensis Infection

and diagnostics

A

Abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, bile duct cancer

Diagnostic: eggs from stool or duodenal aspirates, imaging/ultrasound

75
Q

Paragonimus Basics

A

Type: blood helminth, lung trematode
Where: East Asia, Africa, Americas
Reservoir: human and shore feeding animals

76
Q

Paragonimus Lifecycle

A
  1. Metacercariae ingested from undercooked crab/crayfish, excyst
  2. Move through system to lungs, mature and released eggs
  3. Swallowed or released in stool
77
Q

Paragonimus Infection

and diagnostics

A

Pulmonary: cough, hard to breath, blood tinged or brown sputum
Extrapulmonary: liver, spleen, abdomen, skin, brain

Diagnostics: eggs in stool or sputum, antibody

78
Q

Schistosoma Mansoni

A

Type: blood helminth, blood trematode
Where: Africa, S. America, Caribbean
Infection: rash at penetration, swimmers itch (cercarial dermatitis), hepatosplenomegaly
Diagnostics: eggs in stool, lateral spine

79
Q

Schistosoma Japonicum

A

Type: blood helminth, blood trematode
Where: East Asia
Infection: rash at penetration site, swimmers itch (cercarial dermatitis), hepatosplenomegaly
Diagnostic: eggs in stool, aborted spine

80
Q

Schistosoma Haematobium

A

Type: blood helminth, blood trematode
Where: Africa, Middle East
Infection: rash, swimmers itch (cercarial dermatitis), bloody urine, bladder cancer
Diagnostics: eggs in urine, terminal spine

81
Q

Promastigote

A

Leishmania in the insect

82
Q

Epimastigote

A

Trypanosoma in the insect

83
Q

Trypomastigote

A

Trypanosoma in blood stream

84
Q

Amastigote

A

Intracellular form of T. cruzi and Leishmania

85
Q

Trypanosoma Brucei Basics

A

Type: blood protozoan
Gambiense: W+C Africa, mostly human reservoir
Rhodesiense: E Africa, mostly animal reservoir, more common in tourists
Vector: tsetse fly

86
Q

Trypanosoma Brucei Lifecycle

A
  1. Tsetse fly injects trypomastigote into bloodstream, carried through body
  2. When fly takes blood meal, becomes epimastigote in the fly, transforms into trypomastigote later
87
Q

Trypanosoma Brucei Infection

and diagnostics

A

Rhodesiense
African sleeping sickness is more acute, reaches CNS within 1 year, haemolymphatic stage, meningoencephalitic stage
Chancre at bite site

Gambiense
African sleeping sickness is more chronic, CNS in longer than a year, similar symptoms to rhodesiense

Diagnostics: trypomastigote in blood smear, small posterior kinetoplast, central nucleus

88
Q

Trypanosoma Cruzi Basics

A

Type: blood protozoan
Where: C+S. America, Mexico, animal nesting areas, straw, mud houses
Reservoir: mostly wild animal, human
Vector: reduviid bug
Transmission: blood, transplants, bug feces contamination, congenital

89
Q

Trypanosoma Cruzi Lifecycle

A
  1. Trypomastigotes in feces enters near bite wound, invade cells
  2. Become intracellular amastigotes > multiply and become trypomastigotes again
  3. Epimastigotes inside bug when it consumes it, then turns back into trypomastigotes
90
Q

Trypanosoma Cruzi Infection

and diagnostics

A

Chaga’s disease
Acute: fever, swelling
Chronic: heart, liver, spleen, brain, lymph nodes
Cardiac complications, GI complications, difficulty eating/passing stool, infants can get it congenitally

Diagnostic: large (sub)terminal kinetoplast, central nucleus trypomastigote in blood in acute stage, antibody in chronic stage

91
Q

Leishmania Basics

A

Type: blood protozoan
Where: sub/tropics, southern Europe
Vector: sand fly
Reservoir: dogs and rodents, humans
Time: evening and night

92
Q

Leishmania Lifecycle

A
  1. Promastigotes injected during sand fly blood meal
  2. Turn into amastigotes in macrophages, multiply in tissues, infect other cells
  3. Epimastigotes in fly gut, then turn into promastigotes later
93
Q

Leishmania Infection

and diagnostics

A

Cutaneous: red papule, lesion, intense itching, ulcerate, scars
Diagnostic: amastigotes in tissue, molecular
Visceral (kala-azar): gradual onset of fever, diarrhea, anemia, invade liver, kidney, spleen, can be lethal
Diagnostics: amastigotes in tissue or bone marrow, antibody, molecular
Mucocutaneous: destruction of facial mucous membranes

94
Q

Plasmodium Basics

A

Type: blood protozoan, malaria
Where: sub/tropics, worldwide, Africa, airports
Vector: anopheles mosquito
Species
P. falciparum: most severe, in Africa, infects all RBCs
P. vivax: outside Africa, infects young retics
P. ovale: infects young retics
P. malariae: infects older RBCs

95
Q

Plasmodium Lifecycle

A
  1. Sporozoite injected during blood meal, infect liver cells, mature into schizonts
  2. Schizonts rupture and release merozoites, infect RBCs, mature
96
Q

Plasmodium Fevers

A

Benign tertian fever: every 48 hours, vivax and ovale
Benign quartan fever: every 72 hours, malariae
Malignant tertian fever: falciparum

97
Q

Plasmodium Infection

A

Cold, hot, sweating phases in adults
Cerebral, anemia, hemoglobinuria, pulmonary edema, blood abnormalities, cardiovascular shock and damage,
Vomiting, aches, fever, nausea

Diagnostics: parasite in RBCs, antibody/antigen, molecular

Vaccine available

98
Q

Babesia Basics

A

Type: blood protozoan
Where: NE. America, China,
Vector: tick
Species: B. microti

99
Q

Babesia Lifecycle

A
  1. Sporozoite injected by tick, tick must stay on skin for 36-48 hrs to transmit parasite
  2. Enter blood cells and reproduce

Humans are dead end hosts

100
Q

Babesia Infection

And diagnostics

A

Flu like symptoms, sweating, fever, anemia, renal failure
Severe in immunocompromised, elderly, people with no spleen

Diagnostics: maltese cross, parasite in blood smear

101
Q

Trichomonas Vaginalis Basics

A

Type: urogenital tract protozoan, flagellate
Where: worldwide, women
Transmission: trophs

102
Q

Trichomonas Vaginalis Infection

and diagnostics

A

Men: asymptomatic, irritation in penis, burning
Women: yellow green discharge, odor, discomfort in area
Pregnant women: deliver early, baby low weight, transmit to baby, easier to get HIV, difficult to clear HPV

Diagnostics: motile trophs microscopy, strawberry cervix

103
Q

Acanthamoeba General

A

Type: free living amoeba
Transmission: cyst or troph enters eye, nasal, or broken skin
Infection: chronic granulomatus amebic encephalitis, mental status change, double vision, keratitis, skin leasions in immunocompromised, cysts in brain
Diagnostics: trops/cysts in smears or corneal scraping

104
Q

Naegleria Fowleri General

A

Type: free living amoeba
Where: fresh water, contaminated tap water
Transmission: trophs enter body through nasal, into brain
Infection: primary amebic meningoencephalitis, fever, stiff neck, death
Diagnostics: trophs in CSF or tissue

105
Q

Toxoplasma Gondii Basics and Lifecycle

A

Type: tissue protozoan
Where: worldwide, house cat
Transmission: foodborne, accidental ingestion cleaning litterbox, congenital

Lifecycle: ingest oocysts, circulate blood and forms cysts in tissue, remain through lifecycle of host

106
Q

Toxoplasma Gondii Infection

and diagnostics

A

Leading cause of foodborne illness related deaths and hospitalizations
Flu like symptoms
Severe: damage to brain, eyes, organs in immunosuppressed
Can reactivate
Congenital: infection in 1st trimester severe neonate disease, infection in 3rd trimester infant usually asymptomatic at birth
Chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications
Eye disease

Diagnostics: cysts in tissue, antibody, microscopy, molecular

Microbiology Final (4 decks)

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