Virus, Bacteria, Fungi

Question 1

What are the three layers of the outside of a bacterium?

Answer 1

Cell membrane, cell wall, and sometimes capsule (sticky stuff)

Question 2

What are the three bacteria shapes?

Answer 2

Bacillus, coccus, and spirillum

Question 3

Bacteria may form what after cell division?

Answer 3

Pairs, chains, or colonies

Question 4

What are the prefixes for those?

Answer 4

Diplo- Strepto- and Staphylo-

Question 5

What are the walls of bacterial cells made of?

Answer 5

Petidoglycan! (Archaebacteria are the ones without it)

Question 6

Bacteria sometimes have an extra layer outside the cell wall, what is it called and what’s its purpose?

Answer 6

Capsule, it’s a sticky layer used to help bacteria stay stuck to hosts or other bacteria

Question 7

Bacteria are prokaryotic, so they don’t have a defined nucleus. What is their DNA like?

Answer 7

Small rings called plasmids

Question 8

What structures do bacteria have inside their cells?

Answer 8

Plasmids, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and the membrane

Question 9

How do bacteria move?

Answer 9

Bacteria move using their flagella, a thin wiggly thing that helps them glide, or wiggle

Question 10

What are the short, hair-like structures on the outside of bacteria called?

Answer 10

Pili, they’re proteins that help bacteria stick to surfaces, and are kinda like the peen in conjugation

Question 11

What do gram positive bacteria do?

Answer 11

Retain the stain crystal-violet, and appear purple under the microscope

Question 12

What is done to gram negative bacteria?

Answer 12

They’re treated with alcohol, then are treated with safranin, which turns them pink or reddish

Question 13

How do bacteria reproduce?

Answer 13

Sexually via conjugation, or asexually via binary fission. Binary fission results in two identical cells, while conjugation involves the transfer of genetic info via pili

Question 14

What are the types of autotrophic bacteria?

Answer 14

Photoautotrophs: like plants
Chemotautotrophs: react inorganic matter to gain energy

Question 15

What are the types of heterotrophic bacteria?

Answer 15

Saprobes: eat dead stuff
Parasites: feed on their host
Mutualists: live in harmony with another organism

Question 16

What is an obligate aerobe?

Answer 16

An organism that requires oxygen to live

Question 17

What is an obligate anaerobe?

Answer 17

And organism that dies in the presence of oxygen

Question 18

What is a facultative anaerobe?

Answer 18

An organism that doesn’t need oxygen, but also isn’t killed by it

Question 19

What is a virus?

Answer 19

Non-cellular particle made of genetic material and proteins

Question 20

Basic viral structure?

Answer 20

Protein coat called capsid encloses nucleic acid core containing RNA or DNA

Question 21

What are the three viral structure types?

Answer 21

Helical, polyhedral, and complex

Question 22

Briefly explain the lytic cycle

Answer 22

The virus attaches itself to the host cell, then injects its nucleic acid into it. This nucleic acid takes over, causing the cell to replicate the viral genetic material instead of its own. The viral genetic material is assembled into viral particles, which eventually cause the host cell to lyse, releasing the new viral particles

Question 23

Explain the lysogenic cycle

Answer 23

The virus attaches itself to the host, and injects its nucleic acid. That DNA is then incorporated into the host DNA, creating a prophage. The virus is then replicated with the host cell indefinitely, causing no symptoms but spreading throughout the body. When the immune system is suppressed, the virus becomes active and starts the lytic cycle.

Question 24

What are fungi?

Answer 24

Eukaryotic, absorptive heterotrophs with cell walls made of chitin. They’re multicellular, except for yeast

Question 25

What are they made of?

Answer 25

Tiny, one cell thick filaments called hyphae

Question 26

What is mycelium?

Answer 26

Tangled group of hyphae typically underground that digest and absorb food

Question 27

What are club fungi?

Answer 27

Phylum basidiomycota, grow club-shaped fruiting bodies, and are what we commonly think of as mushrooms

Question 28

What are sac fungi?

Answer 28

Phylum ascomycota, release spores from a structure called an ascus, ex truffles and yeasts

Question 29

What are molds?

Answer 29

Phylum zygomycota, threadlike, produce spores from zygospores

Question 30

What are imperfect fungi?

Answer 30

Phylum deuteromycota, fungi which have no sexual reproduction system, and are as such prone to extinction.

Question 31

What structure produces spores in club fungi sexual reproduction?

Answer 31

Basidia, found on the gills on the underside of fruiting bodies

Question 32

Step one of sexy reproduction for club fungi?

Answer 32

The haploid nuclei fuse together to make a diploid zygote

Question 33

Step two?

Answer 33

Basidiospores form from those nuclei undergoing meiosis, and are haploid

Question 34

Step three?

Answer 34

Basidiospores are released to germinate, and will form the primary mycelium

Question 35

What’s up with the primary mycelia?

Answer 35

They only contain one mating type (+ or -)

Question 36

Step four?

Answer 36

Primary mycelia fuse to create the secondary mycelium, whose cells contain both mating types

Question 37

Final step?

Answer 37

The secondary mycelium eventually produces a fruiting body, and the cycle goes again

Question 38

How do we refer to fungal nutrition types? (Similar to bacteria but not the same)

Answer 38

Sparophytic (eat dead stuff)
Parasitic (eat a host)
Symbiotic (live in harmony with other organisms)

Question 39

How does yeast reproduce?

Answer 39

Budding, similar to binary fission but doesn’t always produce identical cells

Question 40

What are two forms of asexual reproduction (for fungi)

Answer 40

Sometimes, hyphae break off from their fungus and grow a new mycelium, or fungi produce spores in a non sexual way