✅Virology Flashcards
All helical viruses are ______
Enveloped
All enveloped viruses acquire their envelope from the plasma membrane except ______ (nuclear membrane)
Herpesvirus
Paradox of the envelope
Enveloped viruses are less stable and easily inactivated
Mnemonic for naked viruses
Naked during CPR AND PAPP Smear
Rna viruses
Calici
Picorna
Reo
Dna viruses
Polyoma
Papilloma
Adeno
Parvo
Single stranded dna virus
Parvovirus
Double stranded RNA virus
Reovirus
All viruses are haploid except
Retroviruses
Viruses contain either DNA and RNA except
Mimivirus (contains both)
Genomes of rna viruseses can either be
Negative sense or positive sense
Mnemonic
Viruses with segmented genomes
BOAR
Bunyaviruses
Orthomyxo (influenza)
Arenavirus
Reovirus
Mnemonic
Negative strand RNA virus
Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication
Arena Bunya Paramyxo Orthomyxo Filo Rhabdo
Viral genetics
____ causes epidemics. Cite an example
Genetic reassortment
Influenza
One virus produces a protein that can be used by another virus
Complementation
Ex. Hep B and D
Phenotypic mixing happens when
2 different viruses infect the same cell
Viral growth curve phases
6 phases (with phase 0)
Phase 0 - entry Phase 1 - decline 2 - eclipse 3 - rise 4 - latent 5 - cytopathic effect
Viral virulence factors
Cytokine decoys
Virokones - dec expression of APCs and inactivate complement
Antigenic variants
Gold standard in viral diagnosis
Presence of viral DNA or RNA
Ex PCR
Only live attenuated vaccine that may be given to HIV patients
MMR
Mnemonic: Live attenuated vaccines
Yellow chickens being vaccinated with sabin’s and mmr
Yellow fever
Chicken pox VZV
sabin polio
MMR
Killed polio vaccine mnemonic
salK = Killed
Killed vaccines mnemonic
RIP Always
Rabies
Influenza
Polio (Salk)
Hep A
Mnemonic DNAviruses
DNA viruses are HHAPPPPy viruses
Hepadna Herpes Adeno Pox Parvo Polyoma Papilloma
Only virus with fiber
Adenovirus
What do you call the fiber in adenovirus
Penton fiber
HPV infects squamous cells and induce formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles called
Koilocytes
Genes of HPV that encode proteins that inactivate tumor suppressor genes
Genes E6 and E7
The polyomaviruses only cause disease in the _____ hosts
Immunocompromised
HPV subtypes causing skin and plantar warts
HPV 1-4
HPV subtypes causing genital warts (condyloma acuminata)
HPV 6 and 11
HPV subtypes causing cervix, penis, anus carcinoma
HPV 16, 18, 31, 33
Treatment for genital warts
Podophyllin
Treatment for skin warts
Liquid nitrogen
Treatment for plantar warts
Salicylic acid
Polyoma virus that cause hemorrhagic cystitis and nephropathy
BK polyoma virus
Polyoma virus that causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in patients with aids
JC polyoma virus
Mnemonics Herpesviruses
Get Herpes on a CHEVrolet
CMV
HSV
EBV
VZV
Site of latency of HSV-1 and 2
Hsv 1 - trigeminl ganglia
Hsv 2 lumbosacral ganglia
Multinucleated giant cells are seen on Tzanck smear in HSV
Cowdry type A
Encephalitis in HSV-1 vs japanese B encephalitis
Hsv-1 temporal lobe enceph
Jap B enceph- thalamic enceph
Hsv 1 on the fingers
Herpetic whitlow
Hsv on the trunk
Herpes gladiatorum
DOC for HSV
Acyclovir
Treatment for VZV
Acyclovir
Uses of aspirin in pediatric disease
Kawasaki
JRA
ARF
Incubation period of varicella
14-21 days
Involvement of the geniculate ganglion and causes facial nerve paralysis in varicella zoster
Ramsay hunt syndrome
Other name for ramsay hunt syndrome
Herpes zoster oticus
CMV is cultured in
Shell tubes
Heterophil test result in cmv
Heterophil negative
Most common viral cause of congenital anomalies
Congenital CMV
DOC in CMV
Ganciclovir
Tx for kaposi’s sarcoma
Surgical excision, radiation
Malignancies assoc with EBV
Burkitt’s lymphoma - africans
Nasopharyngeal CA - chinese
Hairy leukoplakia- aids
Largest viruses
Poxviridae
Shape of poxvirus
Complex - brick shaped
Histopath of pox virus
Guarnieri bodies
Treatment for molluscum contagiosum
Cidofovir
Intracytoplasmic inclusions seen in molluscum contagiosum
Henderson-Peterson bodies
Mnemonics for hepatitides
Hep A - asymptomatic
b - blood borne
c - chronic, carcinoma, cirrhosis, carriers
E- enteric, expectant mothers, epidemics
The VOWELS (A and E) hit your bowels
Virulence factor of Hepatitis B is collectively called
Dane particle
Only DNA virus that produces DNA by reverse transcription
Hepatitis
Autoimmune vascultides associated with hepatitis
PAN
Treatment for hepatitis B
Interferon alpha and lamivudine
First vaccine to prevent a human cancer
Hep B vaccine
3 naked rna viruses
CPR
Calci
Picorna
Reo
2 types of viral symmetry
Helical and icosahedral
Mnemonics picornaviridae
PERCHed at th PIC
Polio Echo Rhino Coxsackie Hep A
Picornaviridae
All DNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm except
Influenza and retrovirus
Intranuclear inclusions in polio
Cowdry type B
Most common spectrum of disease in polio
Abortive poliomyelitis
Oral polio vaccine
Live attenuated
Sabin
2 groups of coxsackie viruses
A and B
Group A Coxsackievirus cause whag diseases
Herpangina
Hand foot and mouth disease
Hemorrhagic conjunctivitis
Group B coxsackie virus causes
Pleurodynia
Myocarditis and pericarditis
Chest area involvement
Most common cause of myocarditis
Coxsackie B
Enteroviruses
Coxsackie
Echo
Polio
Most common cause of aseptic meningitis
Enteroviruses
Echo virus stands for
Enteric cytopathic human orphan
Most common and 2nd most common cause of common colds
Rhinovirus
2nd- coronavirus
Mnemonic for rhinovirus
Rhino with a runny nose
Self limited hepatitis
Hepatitis A
Most impt test in Hep A
Anti HAV IgM
Hepatitis A virus is also known as
Enterovirus 72
2 calciviridae viruses
Hep E
Norwalk virus
Population targeted by Hep E
Pregnant women
E - Expectant
Most common cause of nonbacterial diarrhea in adults
Norovirus
Rotavirus contains how many segments of double stranded DNA
10-11
Major antigens of influenza virus (2 different spikes)
Hemagglutinin - H
Neuraminidase - N
MOA of hemagglutinin in influenza
Hemagluttinin binds to the cell surgace receptr (neuraminic acid and sialic acid) to initiate cell infection
Moa of neuraminidase
Cleaves neuraminic acid to release progeny
3 subtypes of influenza
A B C
Influenza that is the most common cause of respiratory tract infections and cause worldwide pandemics
Influenza A
Causes major outbreak of influenza but not pandemics
Influenza b
Influenza B infects only ____
Humans
Influenza type that cause mild resp infxns
Influenza C
Common source of new influenza genes
Aquatic birds (waterfowl)
Serves as mixing bowl of the different infleunza genes
Pigs
Mnemonic for antigenic shift and drift
Sudden shift is more deadly that graDual drift
Antigenic shifts causes ___ while antigenic drift causes _______
Pandemics
Epidemics
Treatment for influenza
Oseltamivir or zanamavir
Treats influenza A only and is also known as an antiparkinsons drug
Amantadine
Mnemonic for paramyxoviridae
PaRaMMyxoviridae
Parainfluenza
RSV
Mumps
Measles
Parade of pediatric viruses
Envelope spike that is present in all paramyxoviruses
Fusion protein
Other name for subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
Damson’s disease
Mnemonic for MUMPs presentation
Mumps makes your parotids and testes as big as POM POMs
Parotitis
Orchitis
Meningitis
Only surface spike of RSV
Fusion protein
The fusion proteins in paramyxoviridae causes cells to fuse forming multinucleated giant cells called
Syncitia
Most impt cause of bronchiolitis and pneumoni in infants
RSV
Ribavarin is used for
RSV and Hep C
Bullet shaped enveloped virus
Rabies virus
Transmissionof coronavirus
Reservoir: ?
Intermediate host?
Horeshoe bat
Civet cat
Atypica pneumonia that progressed to ARDS from coronavirus
SARS
In SARS, the virus binds to
ACE 2 receptor
Dengue with influenza like syndrome with severe pains in muscles and joints
Breakbone fever
Hepatitis C has ___ serotypes
6
Most prevalent blood borne pathogen in IV drug users
Hepatitis C
hepatitis C resembles hep B but differs because Hep C causes
Autoimmune reactions (thyroiditis, autoantibodies, MPGN, PCT, DM)
Most common indication for liver transplantation
Hepatitis C
Incubation period of german measles
14-21 days
German measles has a prodrome followed by a ____-day maculopapular rash and _______
3 day
Post auricular lymphadenopathy
The enzyme responsible for the difficulty in treating HIV
Reverse transcriptase
Envelope proteins of HIV
Gp 120
Gp 41
RNA of HIV is tightly complexed with this protein
P7
Major capsid protein of HIV
P24
Outer matrix protein of HIV
P17
HIV genes of importance
Gag - capsid
Pol - enzymes
Env - envelope
Tat- activation of transcription of viral genes
Rev - transport of late mRNAs to the cytoplasm
Only function as an impt serologic marker for HIV with no therapeutic importance
P24 - major capsid protein
Most immunogenic region of gp120
V3 loop
Responsible for antigenic variants of HIV
Gp120
GP that mediates the fusion of HIV envelope with the cell membrane at the time of infection
Gp41
First source of HIV and in what country
Chimpanzees
Congo
Phases of HIV infection
0 - infection 1 window period 2 seroconversion 3 latent period 4 early symptomatic 5 AIDS
HIV latent period duration
1-15 years
Early symptomatic and AIDS phase have CD4 counts of
Early symptomatic
Gold standard diagnosis for HIV
PCR
Presumptive and definitive diagnosis for HIV
Presumptive - ELISA
Definitive - Western Blot
What is used for prognostication of HIV
Viral load using PCR
Retrovirus causing adult T cell leukemia and appears on HP ad mlignant T cells with a flower shaped nucleus
HTLV
Human T cell lymphotrophic virus
Thread like viruses in the family filoviridae
Ebola
Flavivirus with a bird-man-mosquito cycle
West nile virus
Most common cause of epidemic encephalitis
Jap B enceph
Jap B enceph is transmitted by what mosquito
Culex
Characteristic finding of Jap B enceph on CT Scan
Thalamic infarcts