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MICRO > Bacteriology > Flashcards

Bacteriology Flashcards

1
Q

The gold color of S. Aureus is due to the pigment

A

Staphylotoxin

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2
Q

Habitat of s. Aureus

A

Anterior nares

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3
Q

Beta hemolytic bacteria

A

S. Aureus
S. Pyogenes
S. Agalactiae
Listeria

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4
Q

Immunimodulator in S. aureus responsible for preventing complement activation

A

Protein A

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5
Q

Immunimodulator of S. aureus specific for WBC

A

Panton valentine leukocidin

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6
Q

Other name of hyaluronidase

A

Spreading factor

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7
Q

Toxin of staph aureus responsible for epidermal separation

A

Extoliatin

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8
Q

Toxin of s. Aureus that causes necrosis of the skin and hemolysis

A

Alpha toxin

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9
Q

Differentiate impetigo in staph and strep

A

Staph aureus - impetigo bullosa

strep - impetigo contagiosa

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10
Q

Most common cause of acute endocarditis

A

Staph aureus

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11
Q

Sequestered focus of osteomyelitis arising in the metaphyseal area of long bones

A

Brodie abscess

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12
Q

MC Cause of septic arthritis

A

Staph aureus

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13
Q

Most common cause of septic arthritis in sexually active people

A

N. Gonnorhoea

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14
Q

Mechanism of exfoliatin in SSSS

A

Exfoliatin cleaves desmoglein in desmosomes

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15
Q

In ritter disease, separation of the epidermis happens in what layer? In TEN?

A

Stratum granulosum

Dermo-epidemoid junction

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16
Q

Toxic shock syndrome is due to what toxin

A

TSST-1

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17
Q

Unique to toxic shock syndrome of staph compared to strep

A

No demonstrable focus and blood cs is negative

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18
Q

Usual risk factor/scenario in staph aureus TSS

A

Tampon-using

Nasal packing

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19
Q

Heirarchy of treatment of S.aureus

A

MSSA - penicillinase resistant penicillins (nafcillin, oxacillin,dicloxacillin)
MRSA- vancomycin
VRSA - linezolid

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20
Q

Morphology of staph epid in blood agar

A

Whitish
Non-hemolytic

Previously called staphylococcus albus

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21
Q

Mnemonic for novobiocin sensitivity

A

NO StRES

Novobiocin

Saprophyticus resistant
Epidermidis sensitive

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22
Q

Staph epid contains ____ that makes it adhere well to foreign bodies

A

Glycocalyx

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23
Q

Most common cause of prosthetic valve endocarditis/septic arth in prosthetic joints/VP shunts

A

S. epidermidis

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24
Q

Treatment of staph epid

A

Vancomycin (50% are resistant to Methicillin)

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25
Q

Treatment for catalase pos, coagulase neg bacteria

A

Vancomycin

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26
Q

2nd most common cause of UTI in sexually active women

A

S. Saprophyticus

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27
Q

Treatment for Staph saprophyticus

A

TMP-SMX

QUINOLONES

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28
Q

Catalase negative
Alpha hemolytic
Bile optochin sensitive

A

S. Pneumoniae

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29
Q

Catalase negative
Alpha hemolytic
Bile optochin resistant

A

Viridans streptococci

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30
Q

Catalase negative
Beta hemolytic
Bacitracin sensitive

A

S. Pyogenes

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31
Q

Catalase negative
Beta hemoytic
Bacitracin resistant

A

S. agalactiae

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32
Q

Catalase negative

Gamma hemolytic

A

Group D strep

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33
Q

Group A and Group B in strep are named ____ grouping

A

Lancefield grouping

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34
Q

A positive PYR test for a streptococci rule in

A

S. pyogenes and group D streptococci

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35
Q

Mnemonic for bacitracin sensitivity

A

B-BRAS

Bacitracin

B strep - resistant
A strep sensitive

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36
Q

Other name of DNase in strep pyogenes?

What is its function?

A

Streptodornase

Degases DNA in exudates or necrotic tissue

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37
Q

Toxin thag produced scarlet fever

A

Erythrogenic toxin

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38
Q

Oxygen labile and oxygen stable toxins of strep

A

Streptolysin O - oxygen labile

Streptolyson S - oxygen stable

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39
Q

Superantigen found in strep similar to TSST-1

A

Pyogenic exotoxin A

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40
Q

Protease that rapidly destroys tissue causing necrotizing fasciitis in strep pyogenes

A

Exotoxin B

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41
Q

Documents antecedent skin infection for s. Pyogenase

A

Anti-DNase B

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42
Q

In impetigo contagiosa, neutrophils accumulate in what layer of the epidermis?

A

Beneath the stratum corneum

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43
Q

Cellulitis is facilitated by what factor in strep pyogenes?

A

Spreading factor or hyaluronidase

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44
Q

Necrotizing fasciitis is facilitated by what toxin in strep pyogenes

A

Exotoxin B

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45
Q

Most common bacterial cause of sore throat

A

S pyogenes

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46
Q

Characteristic of rash in scarlet fever

A

Sandpaper rash

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47
Q

Found on armpits and inguinal area in scarlet fever

A

Pastia’s lines

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48
Q

Susceptibility test for scarlet fever

A

Dick test

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49
Q

In streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, there is no demonstrable focus and blood cs is usually negative. t or F

A

F

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50
Q

PSGN is most common post pharyngitis or post impetigo?

A

Postimpetigo

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51
Q

DoC in GABHS

A

Penicillin G

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52
Q

GBS can hydrolyze

A

Hippurate

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53
Q

Habitat of GBS

A

Vagina

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54
Q

Test to identify GBS

A

CAMP test

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55
Q

GBS can be cultured using what broth

A

LIM broth

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56
Q

Most common cause of neonatal meningitis

A

GBS

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57
Q

Drug of choice in GBS

A

Penicillin G

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58
Q

All pregnant women should be screened for GBS at what AOG

A

35-37 weeks

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59
Q

Chemoprophylaxis with what 4hrs prior to delivery should be done for GBS

A

IV penicillin
Ampicillin

4 hrs prior to delivery

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60
Q

group D strep hydrolyzes

A

Esculin

BEA - bile esculin agar

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61
Q

How do you differentiae E. Faecalis from s. Bovis?

A

E faecalis can grow in 6.5% NaCl

S. bovis does not

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62
Q

Endocarditis for patients who underwent GI surgery is usually due to

A

E. faecalis

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63
Q

_____ endocarditis is seen in patients with abdominal malignancy due to S. bovis

A

Marantic endocarditis

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64
Q

Lancet shaped cocci

A

Strep pneumoniae

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65
Q

Strep pneumonia is positive in what reaction

A

Quellung reaction

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66
Q

Mnemonic for optochin sensitivity

A

OVERPAS

Optochin

Viridans resistant
Pneumoniae sensitive

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67
Q

Mnemonic for Quellung reaction

A

Quellung- capsular swellung

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68
Q

Mnemonic for encapsulated bacteria

A

Some killers have pretty nice and shiny bodies

Strep pneumoniae
Klebsiella
Haemophilus influenza
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Neiserria meningitidis
Salmonella typhi
B group streptococci
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69
Q

In strep pneumoniae, ____ reacts with CRP, ___ is for colonization, and ____ retards phagocytosis

A

C-substance
IgA protease
Capsule

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70
Q

Carrier protein of conjugated vaccine for pneumonia

A

Diphtheria toxoid

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71
Q

Viridans streptococci is a group if bacteria composed of

A

S. Mutans
S. Sanguis
S intermedius

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72
Q

Viridans strep implicated in dental caries

A

S mutans

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73
Q

Mnemonic for bile optochin resistance

A

Viridans strep live in the mouth hence they are not afraid OP THE CHIN (optochin resistant)

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74
Q

Viridans strep impliated in subacute bacterial endocarditis

A

S. Sanguis

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75
Q

Viridans strep implicated in brain abscess

A

S intermedius

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76
Q

Spore forming genus in gram positive rods

A

Clostridium

Bacillus

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77
Q

Aerobic non motile box car shaped gram positive rod

A

Bacillus anthracis

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78
Q

Spore forming gram positive rod
Anaerobic
Tennis racket like

A

Clostridium tetani

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79
Q

Type of paralysis in tetanus vs botulinum

A

Spastic - tetanus

Flaccid - botulinum

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80
Q

Medusa head morphology

A

Bacillus anthracis

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81
Q

Gram positive rod

Double hemolysis

A

Clostridum perfringens

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82
Q

Agar for clostridium perfringens

A

Egg yolk agar

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83
Q

Antibiotic associated diarrhea

A

C. Difficile

84
Q

Aerobic, non motile
Chinese characters
Gram positive rod

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

85
Q

Tumbling motility

A

Listeria monocytogenes

86
Q

Anthrax habitat

87
Q

Antiphagocytic capsule in anthrax

A

Poly d glutamate

88
Q

2 factors in anthrax

A

Lethal factor and edema factor

89
Q

Anthrax Factor that inhibits signal transduction in cell division

A

Lethal factor

90
Q

Mediates entry of the 2 factors in anthrax

A

Protective antigen

91
Q

In cutaneous anthrax, there is formation of

A

Malignang pustule

With eschar and central necrosis

92
Q

Transmission of anthrax

A

Infected animals or inhalation of spores from animal hair or wool

93
Q

Other name for bacillus anthracis

A

Woolsorter’s disease

94
Q

When anthrax is inhaled, do we see the effects immediately?

A

No. There is a prolonged latent period of 2 months.

95
Q

Death from inhalational anthrax is due to

A

Hermorrhagic mediastinitis

96
Q

Most common cause of death is hemorrhagic mediastinitis in these diseases

A

Mediastinal anthrax
Weil’s syndrome
Congenital syphilis

97
Q

Mortality rate in cutaneous anthrax compared to GI and inhalational

A

Cutaneous 20%

Inhalational and GI - 100%

98
Q

DOC for cutaneous anthrax

A

Ciprofloxacin

99
Q

DOC for inhalational or GI anthrax

A

Cipro or doxy plus 2 additional antibiotics

100
Q

Enterotoxins in B.cereus

A

Heat labile enterotoxin and heat stable enterotoxin

101
Q

Heat stable vs heat labile toxin of b. Cereus

A

Heat stable - staphylococcal like

Heat labile - cholera like

102
Q

Spectrum of disease in B cereus

A

Emetic form
Diarrheal form
Ophthalmitis

103
Q

Clostridium tetani spore is at one end rendering it with that _____ look

A

Tennis racket

104
Q

Habitat of clostridium tetani

105
Q

Tetanus toxin

A

Tetanospasmin

106
Q

Action of tetanospasmin

A

Protease that cleaves proteins involved in the release of glycine in Renshaw cells

107
Q

DOC for tetanus (differentiate between DOC in all other textbooks and harrisons)

A

PEN G

Harrisons- metrondiazole

108
Q

If wound is clean,minor and the latieng has less than 3 doses of tetanus toxoid what do we do?

A

Administer TeANA (toxoid)

109
Q

If a person has a contaminated wound with more than 3 doses of tetanus toxoid before more than 5 years ago, do we still give the toxoid?

110
Q

Botulinum toxin is heat labile or stable?

A

Heat labile

111
Q

How many typesnof toxins are seen in botulinum and what types are most common in humans?

A

8 types

Type A B E

112
Q

Botox is a commercial preparation of exotoxin ___

113
Q

Bulbar signs of food borne botulism

A

Diplopia
Dysphonia
Dysarthria
Dysphagia

114
Q

Triad of botulism

A

Flaccid paralysis with prominent bulbar involvement
Absence of fever
Intact sensorium

115
Q

Infant botulism is due to

A

Absence of competitive bowel microbes

116
Q

Botokinum antitoxin

A

Trivalent (ABE)

117
Q

Clostridium perfringens shows what type of hemolysis in blood agar

A

Double hemolysis

118
Q

Clostridium perfringens grows on

A

Egg yolk agar

119
Q

Gas gangrene in clostridium perfringens is caused by which of the ff toxins

A

Alpha toxin (lecithinase)

120
Q

Exotoxin is found where in clostridium difficile infection?

121
Q

Exotoxin in stool is detected by

A

Cytopathic effect on cultured cells or elisa

122
Q

Transmission of C difficile

A

Fecal oral route

Hands of hospital personnel

123
Q

Culprit antibiotics in c difficile infection

A

Clinda, 2 and 3rd gen cephalosporin

Ampicillin

124
Q

Visual result of exotoxin A and B in c difficile

A

Pseudomembranes

125
Q

Infection of c difficile can precipitate flare ups of

A

Ulcerative colitis

126
Q

What causes psudomembranous pharyngitis

A

C diphtheriae

127
Q

What causes pseudomembranous esophagitis?

A

Candidiasis

128
Q

Treatment for c dofficile infection

A

Withdraw causative antobiotic

Treat with oral metronidazole or vancomycin

129
Q

Club or comma shaped gram pos rods arranged in V or L

A

C diphtheriae

130
Q

Chinese characters

A

C diptheriae

131
Q

Granules found in diphtheria

A

Babes ernst granules/ volutin granules

132
Q

C diphtheriae are black colonies in what agar?

A

Tellurite agar

133
Q

Exotoxin of C. diphtheriae inhibits protein synthesis by adding ADP ribose to

A

Elongation factor 2 (EF2)

134
Q

Subunit ___ of the exotoxin of diphtheria binds the toxin to cell surface while subunit ___ has ado robosylating activity

135
Q

Exotoxin in diphtheria is encoded by a

A

Beta prophage

136
Q

ABCDEFG of diphtheria

A 
ADP ribosylatiob
Beta prophage
Corynebacterium
Diphtheriae
Elongation factor 2
Granules (metachromatic)
137
Q

ABCDE of beta prophage encoded toxins

A 
Shiga like toxin (EHEC)
Botulinum toxin
Cholera toxin
Diphtheria toxin
Erythrogenic toxin
138
Q

Treatment of diphtheria

A

Antitoxin and pen G

139
Q

Diphtheria toxid is usuallly combined with

A

Tetanus toxoid and pertussis

140
Q

Motility of listeria

141
Q

Pattern of hemolysis of listeria

A

Narrow beta hemolysis

142
Q

Weird characteristic of listeria growth

A

There is paradoxical growth in cold temp (cold enhancement)

143
Q

Transmission of listeria

A

(placenta or delivery)

144
Q

Listeria can be ingested in

A

Unpasteurized milk products

145
Q

Pathogenesis of listeria (3)

A

Internalin
Listeriolysin
Actin rockets

146
Q

Escape from phagosomes is done by listeria through

A

Listeriolysin

147
Q

Moa of internalin in listeria infxn

A

Interacts with E cadherin in the surface of cells

148
Q

Early onset neonatal listeriosis is also known as

A

Granulomatosis infantiseptica

149
Q

Late onset neonatal listeriosis usually manifests as

A

Meningitis

150
Q

Treatment for listeria

A

Ampicillin with or without gentamicin

151
Q

Encapsulated gram neg diplococci thag ferments maltose and glucose

A

N. meningitidis

152
Q

Gram neg diplococci
Insignificant capsule
Ferments glucose

A

N. gonorrhoea

153
Q

N meningitidis is known as a disease of ___ hence its high carriage rate in _____

A

Proximity

Close quarters

154
Q

Only natural hosts of N. Meningitidis

155
Q

Late acting complement components

156
Q

Which form of meningitis is more severe? Presence of rash or headache and stiff neck

A

Rash - shows dissemination in meningococcemia

157
Q

What do you call the purpuric rash in meningococcemia

A

Purpura fulminans

158
Q

Most severe form of meningococcemia

A

Waterhouse friderichsen syndrome

159
Q

Treatment for meningococcemia

160
Q

Meningococcal vaccine contains polysaccharide strains of

A

A C Y W135

161
Q

Meningococcal vaccine is usually coupled to this carrier protein to enhance immunogenicity

A

Diphtheria toxoid

162
Q

What drug do you give to close contacts for chemoprophylaxis of meningococcemia

A

Rifampicin

163
Q

HACEK organisms

A 
Haemophilis aprophilus
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans
Cardiobacterium hominis
Eikenella corrodens
Kingella kingae
164
Q

Capsule diff of meningitidis and gonorrhoea

A

Meningitidis - encapsulated

Gonorrhea - insignificant capsule

165
Q

N meningitidis is oxidase positive in what agar while N gonorrhoea is oxidase positive in what agar?

A

Chocolate agar

Thayer martin agar

166
Q

Thayer martin agar contains ___ to isolate growth of N. gonorrhoea

A

VCN

Vancomycin
Colistin
Nystatin

167
Q

In gonorrhoea, there is usually co infection of

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

168
Q

Most common cause of urethritis

A

N gonorrhea

169
Q

Cervical infection with gonorrhea but with no complication of chlamydia

A

Uncomplicated gonococcal cervicitis

170
Q

Treatment for gonorrhea

A

Ceftriaxone + doxycycline (for chlamydia)

Change doxy to azithromycin in pregnant patients

171
Q

Cause of culture negative subacute bacterial endocarditis

A

Eikenella corrodens
Kingella kingae

Check HACEK group

172
Q

Mnemonic for zoonoses

A

Bugs from your pets

Brucella abortus
Francisella tularensis
Yersinia pestis
Pasteurella multocida

173
Q

Bordet gengou agar

A

Bordetella pertussis

174
Q

Capsule of H influenzae

A

Type B Polyribitol phosphate

175
Q

Agar medium for h. Influenzae

A

Chocolate agar with factor X (hemin) and factor V (NAD)

176
Q

Legionella stain

A

Silver stain

177
Q

Bacteria associated with airconditioning

A

Legionella

178
Q

Agar for legionella

A

Charcoal yeast agar

179
Q

H. Influenzae - S aureus relationship

A

Satellite phenomenon

Needs Factor V NAD of S. aureus

180
Q

Most common cause of epiglotitis

A

H. influenzae

181
Q

Most common cause of LTB

A

ParainfluenzA 1 and 2

182
Q

Treatement for LTB

A

Racemic epinephrine

183
Q

Mnemonic H influenzae

h influenzae causes

A

haEMOPhilus

EMOP

Epiglotitis
Meningitis
Otitis media
Pneumonia

184
Q

Treatment for H influenzae infection

A

Ceftriaxone

185
Q

Bacterial LTB

A

Bordetella pertussis

186
Q

Culture media for bordetella pertussis

A

Regan Lowe charcoal medium

187
Q

Causes whooping in pertussis

A

Tracheal cytotoxin

188
Q

Pathogenesis of whooping cough

A

Filamentous hemagluttinin
Pertussis toxin
Tracheal cytotoxin
False adenylate cyclase

189
Q

Other name for pertussis

190
Q

Tx for whooping cough

A

Erythromycin

191
Q

Facultative intracellular bacteria mnemonic

A

Some Bugs May Live FacultitaveLY

Salmonella
Brucella
Mycobacterium
Listeria
Francisella
Legionella
Yersinia
192
Q

3 most common causes of atypical pneumonia

A

Legionella
Mycoplasma
Chlamydia pneumoniae

193
Q

Sole virulence factor of legionella

194
Q

Legionella causes atypical pneumonia. However there is a mild flulike illness that it also causes called ____

A

Pontiac fever

195
Q

Comma shaped bacteria

A

CHV

Campylobacter jejuni
Helicobacter pylori
Vibrio cholerae

196
Q

Mnemonic for lactose fermenters

A

Lactose is KEE, grow in MacConKEE agar

CKEE

Citrobacter
Klebsiella
Escherichi
Enterobacter

197
Q

Campylobacter grows on

A

Skirrow’s agar

198
Q

Mrophology of E coli on EMB agar

A

Green sheen (metallic)

199
Q

Typing of E. Coli is by

A

O and H antigens

200
Q

Enterotoxins of E coli

A

HST and HLT cause watery diarrhea

Verotoxin (shiga like) toxin causes bloody diarrhea

201
Q

Mnemonics for enterobacteriaceae

A

MESSY SPECK

Morganella
Escherichia
Shigella
Salmonella
Yersinia
Serratia
Proteus
Enterobacter
Citrobacter
Klebsiella
202
Q

Most common causes of neonatal meningitis

A

BEL

B group streptococci
E coli
Listeria

203
Q

E coli strain that cause HUS

204
Q

E coli strain with bloody diarrhea but no HUS

205
Q

E coli strain in HIV

A

EAEC

Enteroadherent e coli

206
Q

Salmonella culture

A

XLD medium

Xylose lysine deoxycholate medium

MICRO (6 decks)

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