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Virology Flashcards

1
Q

Recombination

A

Exchange of genes between 2 chromosomes by crossing over within regions of significant base
sequence homology.

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2
Q

Reassortment

A

When 1 of 2 viruses that infect the cell has a mutation that results in a nonfunctional protein. The
nonmutated virus “complements” the mutated one by making a functional protein that serves
both viruses. For example, hepatitis D virus requires the presence of replicating hepatitis B virus
to supply HBsAg, the envelope protein for HDV.

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3
Q

Phenotypic mixing

A

Occurs with simultaneous infection of a cell with 2 viruses. Genome of virus A can be partially or
completely coated (forming pseudovirion) with the surface proteins of virus B. Type B protein coat
determines the tropism (infectivity) of the hybrid virus. However, the progeny from this infection
have a type A coat that is encoded by its type A genetic material.

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4
Q

Live attenuated

vaccines - type of immunity induced

A

Induce humoral and cell-mediated immunity
but have reverted to virulence on rare
occasions.

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5
Q

live attenuated vaccines - examples

A

Live attenuated: smallpox, yellow fever,
rotavirus, chickenpox (VZV), Sabin polio
virus, MMR, Influenza (intranasal).

“Live! One night only! See small yellow
rotating chickens get vaccinated with Sabin
and MMR! It’s incredible!”

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6
Q

MMR and HIV patients

A

MMR = measles, mumps, rubella; live
attenuated vaccine that can be given to HIV positive
patients who do not show signs of
immunodeficiency

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7
Q

killed vaccines – examples

A

Rabies, Influenza (injected), Salk Polio, and
hepatitis A vaccines.

SalK = Killed.
RIP Always.

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8
Q

Subunit vaccines - examples

A

HBV (antigen = HBsAg), HPV (types 6, 11, 16,

and 18).

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9
Q

DNA viruses – circular versus linear versus double-stranded

A

All DNA viruses except the Parvoviridae are
dsDNA.
All are linear except papilloma-, polyoma-, and
hepadnaviruses (circular).

All are dsDNA (like our cells), except “part-of-avirus”
(parvovirus) is ssDNA.

Parvus = small.

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10
Q

RNA viral genomes - single-stranded versus positive stranded

A

All RNA viruses except Reoviridae are ssRNA.

Positive-stranded RNA viruses: I went to a
retro (retrovirus) toga (togavirus) party,
where I drank flavored (flavivirus) Corona
(coronavirus) and ate hippy (hepevirus)
California (calicivirus) pickles (picornavirus).

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11
Q

which viruses are infectious with naked DNA?

A

Purified nucleic acids of most dsDNA (except poxviruses and HBV) and ⊕ strand ssRNA
(≈ mRNA) viruses are infectious. Naked nucleic acids of ⊝ strand ssRNA and dsRNA viruses are
not infectious. They require polymerases contained in the complete virion.

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12
Q

viral replication – cytoplasm versus nucleus

A

DNA viruses - All replicate in the nucleus (except poxvirus).
RNA viruses - All replicate in the cytoplasm (except influenza virus and retroviruses).

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13
Q

HHAPPPPy viruses?

A

Hepadna, Herpes, Adeno, Pox, Parvo,

Papilloma, Polyoma.

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14
Q

capsid shape in DNA virus

A

icosahedral, Except pox (complex).

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15
Q

Herpesviruses - envelope, DNA,

A

enveloped and linear double-stranded DNA

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16
Q

Hepadnavirus - envelope, DNA

A

envelope, circular double-stranded DNA with linear parts

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17
Q

adenovirus – envelope, DNA

A

envelope, linear double-stranded DNA

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18
Q

parvovirus – envelope, DNA

A

no envelope, linear single-stranded DNA

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19
Q

parvovirus – disease in children

A

B19 virus—aplastic crises in sickle cell disease,
“slapped cheeks” rash in children (erythema
infectiosum, or fifth disease)
RBC destruction in fetus leads to hydrops fetalis
and death

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20
Q

parvovirus – disease in adults

A

in adults leads to pure RBC aplasia and

rheumatoid arthritis–like symptoms

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21
Q

papilloma virus – envelope, DNA

A

no envelope, circular double-stranded DNA

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22
Q

papilloma virus – disease

A

HPV–warts (serotypes 1, 2, 6, 11), CIN, cervical

cancer (most commonly 16, 18

23
Q

poxvirus – envelope, DNA

A

envelope, double-stranded DNA, non-icosahedral capsid

24
Q

smallpox – disease

A

Smallpox eradicated by use of live attenuated vaccine.
Eradication was achieved by world-wide use of the
live attenuated vaccine
Cowpox (“milkmaid blisters”)
Molluscum contagiosum C—flesh-colored papule
with central umbilication

25
herpes simplex virus one – disease
Gingivostomatitis, keratoconjunctivitis , herpes labialis , temporal lobe encephalitis (most common cause of sporadic encephalitis, can present with altered mental status, seizures, and/or aphasia).
26
herpes simplex one – transmission
Transmitted by respiratory secretions, saliva.
27
herpes simplex two, disease
Herpes genitalis C neonatal herpes. Latent in sacral ganglia.
28
herpes simplex two, transmission
sexual contact, perinatal
29
varcilla zoster virus – disease, latency, primary complication of reactivation
(chickenpox shingles , encephalitis, pneumonia. Latent in dorsal root or trigeminal ganglia. Most common complication of shingles is post-herpetic neuralgia.
30
Epstein-Barr virus, disease and symptoms
Mononucleosis. Characterized by fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pharyngitis, and lymphadenopathy (especially posterior cervical nodes
31
Epstein-Barr virus, transmission
Transmitted by respiratory secretions and saliva; also called “kissing disease” since commonly seen in teens, young adults.
32
Epstein-Barr virus, cell of infection, cell marker, signs on blood smear
Infects B cells through CD21. Atypical lymphocytes seen on peripheral blood smear G are not infected B cells but rather reactive cytotoxic T cells.
33
Epstein-Barr virus, laboratory test
Detect by ⊕ Monospot test—heterophile antibodies detected by agglutination of sheep or horse RBCs
34
Epstein-Barr virus, cancer
lymphomas (e.g., endemic Burkitt lymphoma), nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
35
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS - disease, latency
mononucleosis (⊝ Monospot), pneumonia, retinitis. esophagitis in AIDS patients, Latent in mononuclear cells.
36
cytomegalovirus – Transmission, signs on pathology
Transmitted congenitally and by transfusion, sexual contact, saliva, urine, transplant. Infected cells have characteristic “owl eye” inclusions
37
adenovirus – disease
Febrile pharyngitis A—sore throat Acute hemorrhagic cystitis Pneumonia Conjunctivitis B —“pink eye
38
hepadnavirus - disease
hepatitis B acute or chronic depending on age
39
polyomavirus - disease
JC virus—progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in HIV BK virus—transplant patients, commonly targets kidney JC: Junky Cerebrum; BK: Bad Kidney
40
HHV6/7 disease, physical signs on exam, transmission
Roseola: high fevers for several days that can cause seizures, followed by a diffuse macular rash . Transmitted by saliva.
41
HHV8 - disease, commitment disease, physical exam finding, areas of infection, transmission
Kaposi sarcoma, a neoplasm of endothelial cells. Seen in HIV/AIDS and transplant patients. Dark/violaceous plaques or nodules J representing vascular proliferations. Can also affect GI tract and lungs. Transmitted by sexual contact.
42
testing for herpes virus, skin, CSF, pathology results
Viral culture for skin/genitalia. CSF PCR for herpes encephalitis. Tzanck test—a smear of an opened skin vesicle to detect multinucleated giant cells commonly seen in HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV infection . Intranuclear inclusions also seen with HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV.
43
Reoviruses - envelope?, NA structure?, capsid symmetry, important members of this class
no envelope, RNA double-stranded, 10 to 12 segments, icosahedral capsid, includes rotavirus and Coltiviradae
44
Picornaviruses - envelope?, NA structure?, capsid symmetry, important members of this class PERCH
not envelope, single-stranded positive RNA, icosahedral capsid, Poliovirus—polio-Salk/Sabin vaccines—IPV/OPV Echovirus—aseptic meningitis Rhinovirus—“common cold” Coxsackievirus—aseptic meningitis; herpangina (mouth blisters, fever); hand, foot, and mouth disease; myocarditis; pericarditis HAV—acute viral hepatitis PERCH
45
Hepevirus - envelope?, NA structure?, capsid symmetry, important members of this class
no envelope, positive stranded single-strand RNA, icosahedral capsid, HEV
46
Caliciviruses - envelope?, NA structure?, capsid symmetry, important members of this class
no envelope single-stranded positive strand RNA, icosahedral, Noravirus
47
Flaviviruses - envelope?, NA structure?, capsid symmetry, important members of this class (5), relationship to mosquitoes
has envelope, single-strand linear positive strand RNA, icosahedral ``` HCV Yellow fever arbovirus Dengue arbovirus St. Louis encephalitis arbovirus West Nile virus arbovirus ```
48
Togaviruses - envelope?, NA structure?, capsid symmetry, important members of this class (3), relationship to mosquitoes
envelope, single-stranded positive stranded RNA, icosahedral. Rubella Eastern equine encephalitis arbovirus Western equine encephalitis arbovirus
49
Retroviruses - envelope?, NA structure?, capsid symmetry, important members of this class (3), special protein
enveloped, single-stranded positive stranded RNA ( two copies), Icosahedral (HTLV), complex and conical (HIV) Have reverse transcriptase HTLV—T-cell leukemia HIV—AIDS
50
Coronaviruses - envelope?, NA structure?, capsid symmetry, important members of this class (1)
enveloped, single-stranded positive stranded linear RNA, helical, Coronavirus—“common cold” and SARS
51
Orthomyxoviruses - envelope?, NA structure?, capsid symmetry, important members of this class (1)
envelopes, negative stranded single-strand RNA in eight segments, helical Influenza virus
52
Paramyxoviruses - envelope?, NA structure?, capsid symmetry, important members of this class (4)
envelopes, single-stranded negative stranded RNA in one segment, helical, PaRaMyxovirus: Parainfluenza—croup RSV—bronchiolitis in babies; Rx—ribavirin Measles, Mumps
53
Rhabdoviruses - envelope?, NA structure?, capsid symmetry, important members of this class (1)
enveloped, single-stranded negative strand linear RNA, helical Rabies
54
Filoviruses - envelope?, NA structure?, capsid symmetry, important members of this class (1)
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