Neurology Flashcards
what neural system does the Alar plate give rise to? Basal Plate?
what are the three primordial structures that make up the developing brain?
sensory system, the motor system
pro-encephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon
what are the secondary vesicles that develop from the proencephalon?
Mesencephalon?
Two structures that develop from the rhombencephalon
Telencephalon and the Diencephalon
mesencephalon
Metencephalon,Myelencephalon
Telencephalon: finished adult structure and cavity formed
Diencephlon?
mesencephalon?
cerebral hemispheres and the lateral ventricles
thalamus and the Third ventricle
Midbrain and the cerebral aqueduct
Metencephalon: finish adult structures and cavity formed?
Myelencephalon?
Pons, cerebellar and upper part of the fourth ventricle.
midbrain and the lower part of the fourth ventricle.
cells that originate from neuroectoderm?
CNS neurons, ependymal cells (inner lining of ventricles, make CSF),
oligodendroglia, astrocytes.
cells that originate from neural crest cells
mesoderm?
PNS neurons, Schwann cells.
microglia
what is the week that the neuropores are supposed to close?
with two proteins are elevated in the amniotic fluid if spina bifida is present
what are the alpha-fetoprotein levels in Spina bifida occult
fourth week
alpha fetal protein and acetylcholiesterase
the alpha-fetoprotein levels in normal.
what is the difference between Meningocele and Meningomyelocele
In the Meningocele, only the meninges her needs through the unclosed neuropore, as opposed to both the meninges and the spinal cord.
Anencephaly - what are the features and what diseases associated with, clinical findings?
no forebrain, open calvarium. Clinical findings: AFP;
polyhydramnios (no swallowing center in brain)
associated with maternal type I diabetes
what week do the left and right hemispheres typically separate
Holoprosencephaly - risk of developing what facial anomaly? ocular?
associated with what genetic condition and what and substance of abuse
week 5-6?
cleft palate, cyclopia
Patau syndrome and fetal alcohol syndrome.
Chairi II - etiology
typically presents in what type of patients
Significant herniation of cerebellar tonsils
and vermis through foramen magnum with
aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephalus.
Often
presents with lumbosacral meningomyelocele,
paralysis below the defect
dandy walker malformation - etiology
Associated with?
Agenesis of cerebellar vermis with cystic
enlargement of 4th ventricle (fills the
enlarged posterior fossa
associated with hydrocephalus and spina bifida
Syringomyelia - tends to compress what fibers first and leads to?
associated with?
anterior spinal commissural fibers are
typically damaged first. Results in a “capelike,”
bilateral loss of pain and temperature
sensation in upper extremities (fine touch
sensation is preserved).
Chiari
malformations, trauma, and tumors
Chiari I malformation - etiology
presenting symptoms-
cerebellar tonsillar ectopia > 3–5 mm; congenital
asymptomatic in childhood, manifests with headaches and cerebellar symptoms.
the anterior two thirds of tongue originate from
the first and second brachial arches.
