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NMSKB2 > Virology > Flashcards

Virology Flashcards

1
Q

Epizootic

A

A disease epidemic in an animal population

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2
Q

Zoonosis

A

Any infection transmitted to man from vertebrates

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3
Q

Arbovirus

A

Arthropod borne virus-mosquitoes, ticks etc.

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4
Q

Robovirus

A

Rodent-borne virus

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5
Q

Whats the difference between an intrinsic and extrinsic incubation period in the context of an arbovirus?

A

Extrinsic is when the arthropod vector (when is asymptomatic) is incubating the virus, and intrinsic is specific for the host infection.

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6
Q

How are natural hosts, arthropod vectors, and unnatural hosts affected by an arbovirus?

A

The natural host and arthropod are usually unaffected, whereas the dead end unnatural host manifests disease.

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7
Q

Humans are not dead end hosts for which arboviruses?

A

yellow fever and dengue

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8
Q

What are the important arboviruses found in the US, and among travelers?

A 
US-
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEE)
Western equine encephalitis virus (WEE)
California encephalitis virus (CEV)
Colorado tick fever virus (CTFV)
St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV)
West Nile virus (WNV)

Travelers
Dengue
Yellow Fever
Chikungunya

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9
Q

What’s a brain abscess? What’s a common way to get it?

A

Rare focal intracerebral infection that starts as cerebritis and then develops into a collection of pus surrounded by a well vascularized capsule.

Hematogenous seeding from endocarditis-like those of Staph. Aureus
or direct spread from another infection

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10
Q

What’s the most common symptom of a brain abscess

A

headach or low fever or symptoms related to the legions location.

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11
Q

What’s a sequelae?

A

Pathologic condition resulting from a disease, injury, therapy, or other trauma.

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12
Q

What are some common etiologies of brain abscess in the immunocompromised? Immigrants?

A

Toxoplasma gondii
Crytococcus neo

Parasites
Taenia solium

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13
Q

Describe Cryptococcus neoformans and where its found; how is this different from cryptococcus gattii?

A

oval budding yeast with wide polysaccaride capsule.
found in soil contaminated with bird droppings (worldwide)
Usually disease of immunocompromised

Found in soil around eucalyptus trees (pacific NW)
Usually disease of the healthy

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14
Q

How is cryptococcus disease transmitted and spread through the body? What are its main virulence factors?

A

Transmission-respiration (get in macrophages)
Spread- hematogenous spread-lungs, skin (nodule guy), meninges–> abscess (rare)

Polysaccaride cap
Melanin (protects against oxidative killing)

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15
Q

How do you diagnose cryptococcus? How can you stain it?

A

test for capsule Ag using lateral flow assay
Also it stains with India ink
white mucoid colonies on Savouraud dextrose agar
lesions on MRI or CT

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16
Q

What’s a cestode? How are they structured?

A

Tapeworm

round head/scolex-hook for attachment to intestine

flat body with multiple segments/proglottids
Proglottids are hermaphroditic and those near the distal end of the worm contain eggs and are excreted in feces.

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17
Q

cestode life cycle?

A

humans eat tissue cysts from undercooked meat-pork
cestode hatches in intestines
mature
release eggs from proglottids in feces
eggs in feces ingested by animal reservoir and larae produce cysts

18
Q

What’s the pork tapeworm called?

What disease caused by this cestode affects the brain? Who is the definitive and intermediate host?

A

Taenia solium

Cysticerosis-larvae develop in eyes, muscles (nodules) or brain (seizure, epilepsy, hydrocephalus, focal defects/lesions)

Definitive host=human
Intermediate hos=pigs

19
Q

How does one diagnose treat and prevent taeniasis (adult tapeworms in the intestine)?
How does on diagnose cysticerosis?

A

diagnose-visualizing proglottid in stool
Treat with antiparasitic
Prevent-cook pork and limit access of pigs to human feces

Cysticerosis-Biopsy muscle, CT brain, or fundoscopic exam of the eye.

20
Q

What’s the active and dormant form of a protozoan? How are they typically transmitted?

A

Trophozoite-active
Cyst-dormant, hearty

Arthropod vector or fecal oral route

21
Q

Who is the definitive host for toxoplasma gondii and who are the intermediates?

A

Cats are definitive host

Humans and mammals are intermediate hosts (dead ends)

22
Q

A patient of yours decides not to vaccinate her son, because of concern about the saftey of vaccines. Over the last two years though he’s been in cognitive decline and recently had a convulsion. When asked about the onset of his symptoms she admits he had a bad rash all over his body and was ill a few months before his personality started to change. What’s the likely disease and etiology?

A

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis SSPE which is occasionally (though rarely) seen following measles infection.

23
Q

A friend of yours who recently had major surgery for the removal of a benign tumor, has been complaining of some strange infections he’s been having due to all the immunosuppressive drugs he’s been on. He shares with you that he was just diagnosed with a rare fatal demyelinating disease of the brain from a viral reactivation. Which cells are primarily damaged in this disease, and how does the primary infection occur?

A

He has progressive multifocal leukoencephalophathy, from a JC virus. A small circular dsDNA, non-enveloped polyomavirus. The primary infection occurs in the tonsils and then the virus becomes latent in the kidney and bone marrow. When reactivated it is thought to cross the BBB with B-cells and infect oligodendrocytes which myelinate cells in the brain.

24
Q

What are prions and how do they cause brain damage?

A

Prions are proteins that, when mis-folded, form aggregates that can cause neuronal cell death.

Prion disease is a group of progressive neurodegenerative disorders call Transmissible Spongiform Encephalophathy (TSE).

25
Q

Which of the following is NOT true regarding prion disease?

A) It can form in animals and humans
B) There is no immune response
C) Always fatal
D) It can cause toxic shock like syndrome

A

D) Prions do not even mount an immune response let alone an overly aggressive one.

26
Q

What do you call prion disease or TSE in cows, sheep, or moose?

A

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy “mad cow disease”
Scrapie in sheep and goats
Chronic wasting disease in moose, deer etc

27
Q

What’s another name for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy?

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

28
Q

You hatch a plan to end the zombie apocalypse using what you’ve learned about prions. Which group of people might you live with in order to better understand the presentation of prion disease so that you can gauge whether your plan is successful? Which form of prion disease is common among this people?

A

New Guinea
Kuru
Infectious-eating brain or handling the brain from infected people
Presentation-Ataxia, tremors, NO dementia

29
Q

Why is an understanding of prions important when working in a hospital setting? What might you need to know about their transmissibility?

A

Prions are extremely resistant to inactivation by heat, disinfectants and radiation.
Use careful sterilization techniques.

30
Q

Which pathogenic spirochete likely infected Al Capone? What effect may that have had on him?

A

Syphilis aka Treponema pallidum

31
Q

How is Treponema pallidum transmitted? Detected? Presented by patients?

A

Transmitted congenitally or sexually
Detected by dark field microscopy or immunofluorescence
Presentation: Primary genital sore self resolving, Secondary- rash self resolveing, Tertiary-dementia/heart problems.

32
Q

How does neurosyphilis infect the CNS? What is the presentation?

A

It infects the CNS via the CSF

A progressive dementing illness that results in memory deficits and impaired judgment and severe dementia.

33
Q

What is neurosyphilis called? What are the most frequent symptoms?

A

Tabes dorsalis affects the dorsal horns in spinal cord

Associated with sensory ataxia and lancinating pains “lightning”

34
Q

What sort of diagnostic tests do you perform for the detection of syphilis? Specifically what type of serologic tests are available?

A

Nontreponemal Ab tests (no acronyms with T in them)
Treponemal Ab test (all have T in them)

Darkfield and fluorescent microscopy

35
Q

Provide one reason why it might be possible to erradicate syphilis and one reason why it may not.

A

It can be treated with penicillin which is cheap and abundant
It is latent for a long period of time and there is no vaccine

36
Q

What are the characteristics of Rhabdoviridae?

A

Helical, Enveloped (bullet shaped), ssRNA -

37
Q

What populations are at highest risk for rabies?

Describe the route of infection and transmission in humans

A

Asian and African kids running from dogs
Bite leads to infection, Nervous system infection, gets in the brain, transmissible in the saliva if they get hungry for flesh.

38
Q

What animal are you most concerned about in terms of rabies infection?

A) Dog
B) Bat
C) cat
D) squirrel

A

Bat more worrisome than dogs

39
Q

A child comes into the ER with a dog bite to the neck. What should you do? Why might this child be at a higher risk of getting Rabies that one bitten in the leg?

A

Clean the wound
If applicable provide immunoglobulin (short term), and vaccine (long term)

A child bitten in the neck has exposure closer to the brain and is therefore at higher risk of infection.

40
Q

How would you diagnose a rabies infection ? Which locations might you check?

A

Negri bodies, but more recently PCR, and fluorescent Ab detection

Saliva RT-PCR
Spinal fluid Ab
Skin Ag

NMSKB2 (9 decks)

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