virology Flashcards
What is the envelope status of Parvoviridae?
Parvoviridae are non-enveloped DNA viruses.
What are the clinical signs of Canine parvovirus?
Gastroenteritis, myocarditis, hemorrhagic diarrhea, vomiting, lymphopenia.
What are the clinical signs of Feline panleukopenia?
Acute dehydration, diarrhea, vomiting, leukopenia.
What congenital condition is caused by Feline panleukopenia?
Cerebellar hypoplasia if infected during the last 2 weeks of pregnancy.
What disease does Porcine parvovirus cause?
Reproductive failure in sows.
What disease is caused by Beak and feather disease virus?
Necrotic or abnormal feathers, often mild or subclinical.
List diseases caused by Porcine circovirus.
Dermatitis, kidney disease, PMWS (post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome), abortions.
What does Budgerigar fledgling disease cause?
High mortality, hemorrhage, and pale musculature.
What are severe signs of Canine papillomavirus?
Warts that interfere with eating and breathing.
What are general characteristics of alpha herpesviruses?
Fast-growing, cause epithelial lesions, latency in sensory ganglia.
What does Feline herpesvirus cause?
Rhinotracheitis and upper respiratory disease.
What are the signs of Bovine herpesvirus infection?
Rhinotracheitis, vulvovaginitis, enteritis, lifelong latency.
What is the most important viral cause of abortion in horses?
Equine herpesvirus, which causes liver necrosis and abortions.
What are the clinical forms of Marek’s disease?
Classical: paralysis; Acute: organ nodules; Ocular: iris inflammation; Cutaneous: feather follicle lesions.
What disease is caused by Suid herpesvirus 2?
Mucopurulent rhinitis and fetal mummification. Reportable disease.
What causes Malignant catarrhal fever in Canada and Africa?
Ovine herpesvirus 2 (Canada), Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (Africa).
What is the outcome of Malignant catarrhal fever?
Invariably fatal lymphoproliferative disease in cattle.
Where are Poxviridae lesions typically found?
On the skin and mucous membranes.
What species are affected by Capripox?
Sheep and goats.
What are signs of Capripox infection?
Fever, meat and milk production loss, skin and mucosal lesions.
What are signs of Bovine papular stomatitis virus?
Papular/erosive muzzle, lip, and mouth lesions; zoonotic; resembles foot and mouth disease.
What are clinical signs of Orf virus (contagious ecthyma)?
Papular mucocutaneous lesions; zoonotic.
What are the forms of Fowlpox?
Cutaneous form (skin pox lesions) and diphtheric form (oral exudate).
What is the causative agent of African swine fever?
Asfivirus (Asfarviridae).
Which cells does African swine fever virus infect?
Monocytes and macrophages.
What is the vector for African swine fever?
Ticks (biological vectors).
Describe the transmission cycle of African swine fever in Africa.
Domestic and sylvatic cycles between warthogs and ticks.
What does Canine adenovirus cause?
Primarily hepatitis; also mild respiratory signs.
What is the ‘blue eye’ symptom in dogs?
Corneal opacity/edema caused by canine adenovirus.
What disease is caused by Picornaviridae in livestock?
Foot and mouth disease.
Which animals are most affected by Foot and Mouth Disease?
Cattle and pigs.
Is Foot and Mouth Disease zoonotic?
Yes, it causes flu-like symptoms in humans.
What species is primarily affected by Caliciviruses?
Felines (cats).
What are signs of Calicivirus infection in cats?
Oral ulcers, upper respiratory disease, systemic disease in virulent strains.
How is Calicivirus transmitted?
Horizontally through air.
Does Calicivirus provide lifelong immunity?
No.
What are the two biotypes of BVDV (Flaviviridae)?
Non-cytopathic (persistent infection) and cytopathic.
How are Togaviruses transmitted?
Via arthropods (they are arboviruses).
What does Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus cause?
Paralysis and death.
What is the most economically important swine disease?
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS).
What season is PRRS most commonly seen?
Winter, due to better virus survival at low temperatures.
What are key clinical signs of PRRS?
Subclinical disease, cyanotic ears, interstitial pneumonia, SMEDI, abortions.
What enteric disease is caused by porcine coronavirus?
Diarrhea and enteritis with villus atrophy.
What type of infections does coronavirus cause in avians, dogs, and pigs?
Respiratory infections.
What is Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)?
Immune-mediated disease caused by mutated feline coronavirus.
What are the two forms of FIP?
Wet form: thick peritoneal exudate. Dry form: pyogranulomas.
What is the pathogenesis of FIP?
Viral spike protein mutates and enables replication in macrophages, causing vascular injury and leakage.
How is FIP diagnosed?
Immunohistochemistry (IHC).
What are the two genetic variation mechanisms in Reoviridae?
Genetic drift (small mutations) and shift (sudden recombination).
What disease is caused by Rotavirus?
Diarrhea due to malabsorption and villus atrophy.
What disease is caused by Bluetongue virus?
Cyanosis of lips/tongue in sheep; it is an arbovirus.
What is the function of hemagglutinin in influenza viruses?
Attachment and fusion to host cells.
What is the function of neuraminidase in influenza viruses?
Release of virus from infected cells.
How is influenza transmitted in birds?
Fecal-oral route.
How is influenza diagnosed?
PCR, with sequencing required to determine pathogenicity.
What virus causes Newcastle disease in birds?
Avian paramyxovirus (9 serotypes).
What are the 4 pathotypes of Newcastle disease?
Asymptomatic, Lentogenic (mild), Mesogenic (moderate), Velogenic (severe).
What is the pathotype associated with hemorrhagic and neurological signs?
Velogenic.
What disease is caused by Rinderpest virus?
Cattle plague with oral mucosal necrosis.
What are the clinical signs of Canine distemper virus?
Immunosuppression, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, GI/respiratory/neuro signs.
What is ‘hard pad disease’ in dogs?
A chronic manifestation of canine distemper causing thickened footpads.
What disease does Vesicular stomatitis virus cause?
Flu-like symptoms and lesions in horses, cattle, humans.
What is a hallmark histological feature of Rabies?
Negri bodies in neurons.
What is the common replication mechanism of retroviruses?
Reverse transcriptase converts RNA to DNA which integrates into host genome.
What type of cells do retroviruses target?
CD4 lymphocytes.
What disease does Bovine leukemia virus cause?
Enzootic bovine leukosis with lymphosarcomas.
How is Bovine leukemia diagnosed?
PCR or ELISA.
What are the FeLV subtypes and their effects?
FeLV-B: neoplasia; FeLV-C: anemia; FeLV-T: immunosuppression.
How is Feline leukemia virus spread?
Saliva and tears; called ‘friendly cat disease’.
What is the pathogenesis of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus?
Lentivirus causing slow CD4+ T cell loss and immunodeficiency.
