virology

Question 1

composition and structure of a virus

Answer 1

all viruses need host
intracellular
replicate in either nucleus or cytoplasm

Question 2

either made of

Answer 2

DNA or RNA

single or double stranded

Question 3

structure made of

Answer 3

capsid- outer part
protein coat- surrounds virus

Question 4

nucleocapsid

Answer 4

surrounds nucleic acid material

Question 5

individual protein components

Answer 5

capsomere

-determine whether or not virus will invade a cell
-see if we can produce antibodies against it

Question 6

shapes

Answer 6

icosahedral- 6 sided 3D

helical- round shape

Question 7

some contain an envelope which is

Answer 7

extra lipid bilayer that protects virus

naked= no envelope

Question 8

most virus acquire an envelope from host cell if

Answer 8

they bud out of it

Question 9

2 ways virus leaves host

Answer 9

budding -does not always destroy a host cell
bursting -most are naked
-destroy host

Question 10

DNA viruses

Answer 10

herpes
-CMV, EBV, varicella roster

pox
-small pox (bioterrist)
-polio virus

papo?

Question 11

RNA virus

Answer 11

Orthomyxoviridae - influenza
Togaviridae - Rubella
Rhabdoviridae - Rabies
Rhinovirus- common cold Retrovirus - HIV

Question 12

viral replication

Answer 12

attachment to host by glycoproteins and to specific receptor

1 in 1000 collisions will result in attachment

Question 13

specific marker to attach to

Answer 13

tropism

Question 14

single tropism

Answer 14

only 1 spot

Question 15

dual tropism

Answer 15

two markers to attach to

Question 16

X tropism

Answer 16

many sites

Question 17

penetration

Answer 17

endocytosis
injection- plants do this

Question 18

fusion

Answer 18

membrane fold around the virus, infuses

once inside can shut down host cell to only make new viruses

Question 19

uncoating

Answer 19

capsid comes off and exposes genetic material

aka e clips phases, can not detect viral partial during this stage

Question 20

biosynthesis

Answer 20

replication of virus particles

Question 21

assembly

Answer 21

reassembly into full viron particles

Question 22

releases

Answer 22

attach other cells

-release depends on if have envelope or naked virus

Most naked= burst out and destroy
Most envelope= bud out of a cell

Question 23

now virus in blood stream called

Answer 23

viremia

typically do not increase lactate acid?

Question 24

specimen collection

Answer 24

when patient is symptomatic - viral shedding at highest

place in viral transport media- enhance survival of virus

Question 25

what specimen are placed in transport media

Answer 25

Swab/scraping small tissue if drys out virus will die most contain antibiotic to prevent bacterial contamination

Question 26

common transport media

Answer 26

Ames stuart Hank's

Question 27

what specimen is not added to transport media

Answer 27

urine spinal fluid bronchiolar lavage will dilute

Question 28

how to keep transport

Answer 28

2-8 degrees wet ice dry ice- will dry specimen if going to not be run for 5 days can be placed at -70

Question 29

if collection is a swab either use

Answer 29

dacron rayon NO calcium alginate- interfere with viral replication

Question 30

gold standard for viral detection; complicated and time consuming

Answer 30

cell culture -even if there is a new test, need to check it out with cell culture -preparation with cell cultures

Question 31

primary line

Answer 31

originate from specific organ tissue, and on media only allow a mono layer of cell to grow -original karyotyping and chromosome number as they originally had

Question 32

from primary line we subculture cells and place in a new plate

Answer 32

cell passage

Question 33

primary line can only go through cell passage

Answer 33

a few times before lose ability to have viruses attach to them

Question 34

secondary cell line

Answer 34

75% of karyotyping as primary and certain viruses only attach to secondary cell line -most frequently used in culture -be subcultured 50 times

Question 35

continuous/ heteroploidy cell line

Answer 35

continuous forever -start from cancerous line -simple in needs -abnormal karyotyping -serological testing -Hep2 or HeLa

Question 36

CPE

Answer 36

cyto pathological effect -change in what cell looks like -lyse, change in shape, formation of inclusion bodies, formation of syncytia, change in surface

Question 37

haeabsorption

Answer 37

adding RBC and absorb onto the surface

Question 38

shell vial centrifugation

Answer 38

-first used to detect chlamydia and herpes -coverslip has mono layer of cells, buy the one known to detect specific what your looking for

Question 39

shell vial centrifugation procedure

Answer 39

-place in nutrient broth -centrifuge vial: sped up amount of times to infect culture -incubate 1-5 days -take cover slip and stain with anti-viral fluorescent monoclonal antibody -read

Question 40

EIA

Answer 40

enzyme immuno assay quick downside: less sensitive than cell cultures

Question 41

direct or indirect fluorescence

Answer 41

direct: looking for antigen indirect: looking for response

Question 42

PCR

Answer 42

very sensitive and specific drawback: expensive but now reimbursement from medicare

Question 43

cytology

Answer 43

classic example of pap smear and look for CPE rabies tissue look to confirm