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micro sem 2 > polio and small pox > Flashcards

polio and small pox Flashcards

1
Q

polio is considered

A

enterovirus

-attack the intestinal area
-readily passed in the stool

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2
Q

polio main route od transmission

A

stool

-can shed for long periods of time after someone is asymptomatic

fecal -oral transmission

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3
Q

3 subtypes of polio

A

1,2,3

immunity to one of them does not mean you have immunity to all 3

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4
Q

who did polio use to mainly infect

A

children

-affect the legs

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5
Q

children saw polio first time during

A

infancy when still had mothers antibodies to it

-continuously exposed throughout life
-build up immune response to polio

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6
Q

paralytic polio was rare due to

A

herd immunity

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7
Q

what changed in the 20th century with paralytic polio

A

indoor plumbing – no exposure to polio in infancy anymore

-this was the few time in history better sanitation lead to epidemic

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8
Q

how does polio enter the body

A

mouth

primary site of multiplication is oral region and then GI tract

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9
Q

even before symptomatic polio is found in

A

stool and throat

-still transmit when asymptomatic

-in a week will no longer be found in throat but in bloodstream and stool

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10
Q

once polio is in the blood stream can travel to

A

nervous system and attach anterior horn and brain stem – now we see symptoms

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11
Q

reservoir of polio

A

humans

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12
Q

how long will people remain asymptomatic/ incubation period

A

20 days

95% people who come in contact will be asymptomatic

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13
Q

5% will manifest flu like symptoms called

A

abortive polio myelitis

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14
Q

in 2% of people

A

non paralytic aseptic meningitis (viral meningitis)

-abnormal sensations, stiff back, resolve in a few weeks

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15
Q

in 1% of people with polio

A

symptoms of paralyzing polio

paralysis can stop and never progress OR weeks to months later can start up and get more paralyzed

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16
Q

spinal polio

A

most common of paralytic polio

-involved just legs and asymmetric paralysis

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17
Q

bulbar polio

A

weakness of muscles that could include breathing muscles

-from this came iron lung - first attempt of artificial ventilation

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18
Q

bulbospinal polio

A

-all different muscles in body could affected
-death rate is highest

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19
Q

post polio syndrome

A

happened 30-40 years after original contracted the disease

-start with new muscle pain and new paralysis
-more weakness than previous
-not considered to be infectious, it was damaged

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20
Q

why was polio vaccine so difficult to make

A

no one knew so only made one type of polio

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21
Q

first one to come up with vaccine that looked like it had promise

A

sauk

-could grow the virus in cell cultures (essential)
-realized the subtypes of polio and found a way to combine all into one vaccine

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22
Q

sauk created

A

IPV- killed vaccine

  • in early testing wasn’t completely inactivated so some people got polio

-given in 3 doses and required a booster

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23
Q

came up with live attenuated vaccine

A

sabin

oral vaccine - OPV
given in 1 dose; cheaper and prove to confer longer immunity than original Sauk vaccine

droplet form

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24
Q

big disadvantage to OPV

A

live vaccine and you still can shed it in your stool

-could not be around immunocompromised people after vaccine
-immunocompromised people could not receive this vaccine

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25
VAPP
vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis -rare adverse reaction following live oral vaccine -this did not happen after killed vaccine -now we do shots- killed vaccine
26
OPV
still used in world today -vaccine of choice in underdeveloped countries
27
small pox belongs
poxviridae family DNA virus no animal reservoir; easier to make a vaccine
28
2 forms of small pox
major: main form minor: can cause pox like illness, don't die and no disfiguring scarring
29
ordinary type - major small pox spread
person to person by respiratory droplets
30
ordinary type incubation time
2 weeks asymptomatic - not contagious until symptoms appear higher fevers, muscle pain
31
as fever subsides you get
the rash (on the tongue) and blisters are filled with the virus -when break open contagious will start on the face and spread downwards
32
when first start out spreading downwards called
macules -had indentation -will fill with pus like material ( live virus)
33
after macules turn into
pustules -falls off and leaves a scab -when scab falls off you will have no scarring -some people will have BAD scarring contagious until last scab falls off
34
small pox is declared to be
wiped off planet due to vaccine -decided no vaccines for small pox
35
who still gets vaccine for chicken pox
military
36
vaccine for small pox
vaccinia polio virus family -not from small virus itself -too dangerous to make from small pox virus itself -when vaccinated keep it covered until scab falls off
37
multipuncture vaccine
dipped into solution that contains live virus -tap into you-- prongs
38
stockpile of virus for
incase need to make vaccine US and Russia 1990 both were supposed to destroyed the pile but Russia never did and abandoned lab (who has it) threat of biological warfare
39
one of most deadly virus we known of
rabies
40
contract rabies through
a bite of animal -coming in contact with saliva is main way to transmit rabies -can be aerosolized
41
where does rabies replicate
striated muscles
42
Rabies will remain at site of inoculation for
several days -this is time you want to treat -asymptomatic
43
after at site of inoculation will affect
peripheral nerves
44
after peripheral nerves moves to
central nervous system, get into brain and spinal cord -can cause encephalitis, degeneration of the nerves including paralysis and then death
45
once display symptoms almost always
fatal -start with double vision, gait in affected
46
remains localized for a period of time--
you can get vaccine after been bitten or exposure to virus
47
Post exposure prophylaxis
If had bat in your house you can get rabies from being bitten in middle of night -- get vaccine
48
if not previously vaccinated for rabies
○ Day 0 - day of exposure ○ Day 3, 7, 14 ?????
49
if previously vaccinated to rabies
Booster day 0,3
50
how to get passive immunity for rabies
Can get vaccine and immunoglobulin
51
Only true way to diagnose rabies is
autopsy and look for inclusion negri bodies that brain cell and tissues will have when infected
52
known as german measles or 3 day measles
rubella MMR
53
host of rubella
humans
54
how is rubella spread
respiratory secretions
55
diagnosis rubella by
rash pattern -starts on face, travels downward and would clear
56
Most significant sequel or complication of rubella
congenital rubella
57
If a mother contracted rubella during pregnancy
could easily cross placenta and infect the fetus
58
percent of baby contracting rubella in utero
85% -highest rate during 1st trimester
59
signs of congenital rubella
cataract formation or pearly cataract
60
what does congenital rubella cause
○ Cause mental retardation ○ Deafness ○ Cardiac anomalies ○ Still born ○ Severe anemia
61
what caused the start of making the vaccine for rubella
congenital rubella
62
diagnosis of rubella
○ Typically via serology -Look for IgM -- acute infection; IgG seen in vaccine
63
back in day vaccine was recommended for
women of childbearing age -- state mandated -could not get marriage license unless tested for rubella
64
why was screening for rubella done
○ Screening was done to give that piece of advice cause if negative could get congenital rubella and get vaccine
65
If get MMR as an adult it is recommended you don’t get pregnant for 3 months after receiving the vaccine Why?
Virus may mutate to wild type and if you get it could pass congenital rubella to baby
66
when screening for rubella look for
immune versus non immune status
67
immune =
IgG antibodies
68
If fall below certain titer you are said to be
non immune
69
measles also called
rubeola -childhood disease
70
measles sero type
1 -humans are natural host
71
how to catch measles
spread respiratory droplets or fomites
72
symptoms for measles appear
10-14 days after exposure 2 week incubation period
73
symptoms for measles
high fever 3 C's Rash- congregate and looks like blotch
74
what are the 3 C's
Cough- dry Conjunctivitis Coryza - runny nose
75
classic thing seen in measles that set apart from german measles
Koplik spots -small white bumps occur in mouth area
76
specific about rash seen in measles
starts behind the ear and on face and progresses downward last 7 days slowly disappears the way it appeared
77
when measles rash appears
fever gets the highest
78
when are you contagious for measles
4 days before the rash begins to 4 days after the rash begins
79
most common cause of death in young children
measles
80
complications of the measles
pneumonia - caused by virus or secondary invader encephalitis-swelling of brain
81
2 kinds of encephalitis caused by measles
-acute post infection encephalitis -Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)
82
Acute post infection encephalitis
-most common of the 2 -start to show symptoms a week after other symptoms begin
83
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE
-occur years after having the measles -ability to move cell to cell without immune system seeing so won't have complete immunity -mutated form of virus -- lead to mental decline
84
what to look for in SSPE
abnormal amount of antibody in spinal fluid -this is odd because measles typically doesn't get into spinal fluid
85
how to avoid measles
only way is the vaccine - complete series live attenuated vaccine USED to be killed vaccine- but wouldn't get full immunity and get atypical measles
86
mumps attack what
parotid glands in cheek area -one or both gland affected
87
symptoms of mumps
no rash low grade fever swollen lymphs sore throat trouble swallowing
88
incubation for mumps
7-10 days
89
mumps spread
respiratory droplets -so contagious a few days before disease state
90
complications of mumps
deafness infertility - esp. men (inflammation of testicles) -women inflammation of vulvar area- no infertility -cardiac anomalies
91
how to detect mumps
enzyme: amylase increase in enzyme and look for IgM - is resolving if enzymes =low
92
MMR
mumps measles rubella
93
considered 4th most common cause of death in world
HIV men having sex with men
94
#1 cause of death in africa
HIV -believed to originate here
95
what was HIV used to be
HTLV virus
96
HIV stands for
human immunodeficiency virus
97
HIV considered what kind of virus
retrovirus -RNA genome and transcription and turns into DNA
98
end stage of HIV infection
AIDs
99
HIV1
what we normally associate infections with, more global form, more predominantly moves into AIDs stage
100
HIV2
seen more commonly in Africa, create a milder form of infection, lower rate of transmission, but can still progress to AIDs
101
transmission of HIV
-sexual -oral or genital -infected blood and body fluid (NOT found in saliva) -mother to baby
102
If baby is born HIV - to HIV + mom
baby has 25% contracting through breast milk

micro sem 2 (8 decks)

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