Virology Flashcards

1
Q

What are viruses?

A

Obligate intracellular parasites that require another living cell to infect to replicate within

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2
Q

What is the structure of viruses?

A

Helical, symmetrical around central axis
Icosahedral, made up of capsomeres

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3
Q

What are the classifications of viruses?

A

Segmented/non-segmented
Genome linear/circular
Single stranded/double stranded

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4
Q

What are the modes of transmission?

A

Air borne
Faeces-oral
Bodily fluids
Vectors

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5
Q

What are the steps of replication?

A

Attachment
Penetration
Uncoating
Replication
Assembly
Release

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6
Q

Explain uncoating

A

pH/enzyme action change

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7
Q

Explain replication

A

Nucleic acid and protein synthesis

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8
Q

What are the steps of viral replication (entry and exit)?

A

Invade host - entry
Vertical transmission
Protein on virus that binds to EXC receptors
Localised infection
Haematogenous/neural spread
Host cell proteases - exit

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9
Q

Explain latency and reactivation

A

Viral nucleic acid -> pathogenic genes supressed -> genes transcribed and translated -> pathogenic infection -> disease

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10
Q

What are the common pathogens?

A

Blood borne pathogens
Respiratory tract infections
Skin infections
GI infections
STI
Hospital acquired infections
Vector borne pathogens

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11
Q

Explain influenza

A

Lipid envelope
segmented (-)sense single strand RNA

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12
Q

Why is HA1 important of influenza virus haemagglutinin?

A

Important for receptor binding site
Mutations may alter receptor binding

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13
Q

Why is HA2 important of influenza virus haemagglutinin?

A

Anchor function
Forms stalk

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14
Q

Why is the NA tetramer important?

A

Important in releasing the virus from host cell

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15
Q

What does oseltamivir target?

A

neuraminidase protein

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16
Q

What does neuraminic (sialic) acid do?

A

Allows influenza to bind to multiple cell types

17
Q

What does the M2 ion channel do?

A

Allow influx of protons during replication

18
Q

What does M1 ion channel do?

A

Beneath lipid membrane and stabilises structure

19
Q

What is the pathogenesis of influenza?

A

Air-borne
Destroys cilia

20
Q

Explain the pathogenesis of influenza

A

Upper RT replication of virus
immune system response triggered by vRNA recognition
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) stimulate cytokine and chemokine production

21
Q

What are the two immune responses for influenza?

A

Humoral immunity: effective antibody production helps clear infection by neutralisation (IgA)
Cell mediated immunity: cytotoxic T cells, alveolar macrophages

22
Q

What are the genetic variations of influenza?

A

RNA virus
Segmented genome
Reassortment RNA genome
Antigenic shift vs antigenic drift

23
Q

What is antigenic shift?

A

Gradual mutation in genes

24
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A

Sudden change in genes, creating new strains

25
What is the HA spike of influenza virus useful for?
Attachment and entry Agglutinate erythrocytes
26
What is antigenic drift?
Sudden change in genes, creating new virus strain