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HCS228 Infection and Immunity > The Bacterial cell > Flashcards

The Bacterial cell Flashcards

1
Q

What are drug (antibiotic) targets in bacteria?

A

Cell wall (PG, gram neg. OM)
Ribosomes (70S)

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2
Q

What is the composition of the gram negative cell wall?

A

Capsule
OM
PG
Periplasm
IM

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3
Q

What is the composition of gram positive cell wall?

A

Capsule
PG
Periplasm
IM

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4
Q

Name components of inner membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer
Membrane proteins

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5
Q

Name functions of inner membrane

A

Permeability barrier
Transport solutes
Location of enzyme systems

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6
Q

Name bacterial lipids

A

Phosphatidylglycerol
Diphosphatidylglycerol
Phosphatidylethanolamine

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7
Q

Describe the periplasmic space

A

Aqueous
Densely packed with proteins
Sequesters potentially harmful enzymes

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8
Q

What are the differences between G. neg and G. pos cell walls?

A

G. neg
- thin
- techoic aicds
G. pos
- thick

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9
Q

What does the cell wall prevent?

A

Prevents osmotic lysis

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10
Q

What does the gram negative OM doe?

A

Anchor for adhesin proteins
Prevents bile salts, antibiotics and lysozymes

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11
Q

Describe lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

A

Composed of O-antigen (variable chain of sugars)
Aids in immune evasion and forms selective permeability barrier

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12
Q

True or false: Low stimulation to innate immune system

A

False: Highly stimulatory to our innate immune system

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13
Q

Explain PAMP

A

Molecule immune systems to see and react to pathogen
Overstimulation of immune system

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14
Q

What is PAMP?

A

Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)

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15
Q

Explain endotoxin

A

Released via OM vesicles or cell lysis
Activator of macrophages, cytokines, inflammatory reponse

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16
Q

What are porins?

A

Transmembrane proteins that form a H2O-filled pore
Passive diffusion

17
Q

What do lysozymes and antibiotics attack?

A

PG cell wall
Major target for antibiotics (Penicillin)

18
Q

What are the glycan (carbohydrates) of the PG made from?

A

N-acetylglucosamine + N-acetylmuramic acid

19
Q

How many amino acids constitute the PG peptide chain?

A

5 - tetrapeptide

20
Q

Explain the PG biosynthesis

A

NAM-NAG subunits are transported across membrane which are assembled and crosslinked

21
Q

What assembled the NAM-NAG chain?

A

Transglycosylase with glycosidic bonds

22
Q

What cross links peptide sidechains?

A

Transpeptidase enzyme

23
Q

What do Penicillin binding proteins do?

A

Catalyse transglycosylation and transpeptidation

24
Q

True or false: PBS are targets for alpha lactam antibiotics

A

False: targets for beta-lactam antibiotics

25
Q

Explain techoic acids

A

Found in g. positive
Lysis and release into blood stream
Rigidity

26
Q

Is a bacterial capsule a pathogenicity factor?

A

Yes because not all bacteria have capsule which aids in immune evasion

27
Q

How does the capsule aid in immune evasion?

A

Prevent phagocytosis

28
Q

Explain how the bacterial ribosome is a drug target

A

Antibiotics disrupt protein synthesis
Tetracyclines bind to 30S synthesis
Macrolides block exit tunnel of ribosome

29
Q

Explain mobile genetic elements

A

Carries genes (AMR)

30
Q

What is bacterial conjugation?

A

Process by which genetic material is transferred from one bacteria to another

31
Q

Explain narrow host range and broad host range

A

NHR: only replicate in certain species
BHR: replicate in many species

32
Q

Explain bacterial metabolism

A

Bacterias can metabolise various sugars
Ability to utiilise different sugars (lactose, sorbitol)
Used for diagnostic purpose (MacConkey agar)

33
Q

What do proteases do?

A

Degrade proteins in ECM which contribute to bacterial virulence

34
Q

How are proteins secreted in bacteria?

A

SEC (general secretion) pathway
- if g. positive then job done
Translocation across g. neg IM

HCS228 Infection and Immunity (8 decks)

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