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Winter course I > Virology > Flashcards

Virology Flashcards

1
Q

name the 3 major global threats

A
  1. biodiversity loss
  2. global warming
  3. zoonotic risk
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2
Q

name the 3 drivers of emergence

A
  1. changes in human-animal vector interactions
    - interspecies contact
    - range expansion
    - population growth/aggregation
  2. proximate drivers
    - habitat change
    - food/water change
    - migration/movement
  3. ultimate drivers
    - climate variability
    - land-use change
    - animal management change
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3
Q

what is the underlying cause of HIV emergence ?

A

deforestation, expansion of human communities, increase of travel

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4
Q

what is the underlying cause of HPAI ?

A

increase number of poultry, avian-human contact at live markets, spillover to migratory birds

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5
Q

what is the underlying cause of SARS ?

A

increase wildlife animal markets

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6
Q

what is the underlying cause of Ebola?

A

forest loss, increase in human population, high mobility

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7
Q

name 3 characteristics of emerging infectious diseases

A
  1. increase in incidence or geographic range in original host species
  2. moved into new host species
  3. caused by newly evolved pathogens
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8
Q

what is the definition of natural reservoir host?

A

a species in which the pathogen endemically circulated and is considered to have coevolved with

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9
Q

what is the definition of intermediate host?

A

a species infected by a virus that is not the reservoir, that plays an important role for spillover

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10
Q

what is the definition of vector?

A

a carrier of a disease-causing agent from an infected individual to a non-infected individual

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11
Q

name 4 factors that cause spillover in live animal markets

A
  1. overcrowding for long period
  2. poor hygiene
  3. travel
  4. mixed with diverse species and in close contact with large group of people who travel
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12
Q

where does the Poxviridae replicate and why are they very stable?

A

replication in the cytoplasm and very large linear dsDNA with Pol proofreading

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13
Q

true or false? Clade I of M pox is more pathogenic than clade II

A

true, clade I is more pathogenic

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14
Q

true or false? all lesions of M pox have the same developmental stage

A

true

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15
Q

why was the detection of M pox so hard in 2022 ?

A

diagnosis of STDs, transmission between MSM, hiv infected people and household transmission

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16
Q

who are more at risk in Africa for M pox?

A

human-to-human transmission (females and children, living in forest near squirrels

17
Q

why does smallpox vaccine also protect against M pox?

A

cross-reactivity

18
Q

name 2 advantages and 3 disadvantages of IPV: inactivated poliovirus vaccine

A

advantage: 100% seroconversion, no severe side effects
disadvantage: expensive, requires needles, low intestinal immunity (only reduces virus shedding)

19
Q

name 5 advantages and 3 disadvantages of OPV: attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine

A

advantage: cheap, intestinal immunity, passive immunization of unvaccinated persons by shed vaccine virus, does not require cold chain, oral drops
disadvantage: acquisition of virulence mutation, vaccin-associated paralytic poliomyelitis, circulation of VDPV

20
Q

describe the system pathogenesis of EV-D68

A

infection of B cells or lymphoid tissues, replication and spread via the blood (viremia)

21
Q

what is the route of invasion of EV-D68 in the CNS?

A

viremia –> muscle cells –> motor neurons –> spinal cord

22
Q

why did MERS not cause an outbreak but SARS did?

A

MERS: DPP4 receptor has no expression in humans, isolation was enough to dampen spread
SARS: ACE2 receptor in upper respiratory tract, virus spread before symptoms occur

23
Q

name 5 measurements for controlling outbreaks

A
  1. identification and characterisation of the pathogen
  2. development of diagnostics to detect the virus in patients
  3. identify and isolate the individuals infected and place contacts in quarantine
  4. lock down to protects the vulnerable when vaccines are not available
  5. use vaccines to protect those who are vulnerable
24
Q

name the 5 barriers viruses have to overcome in the human gastrointestinal tract

A
  1. the acidity of the stomach inactivates acid labile viruses
  2. bile salts can destroy the lipid envelopes of many viruses
  3. antiviral defences
  4. mucus and gut mobility hinder binding of microorganisms
  5. M cells activate immune system
25
Q

where do noroviruses replicate in the presence of bacteria?

A

B cells

26
Q

how do bacteria help enteric viruses replicate?

A

LPS from gram- bacteria stabilize virus particles

27
Q

what is the definition of Quasi species?

A

cloud of genetically different viruses (HIV RT is error-prone)

28
Q

name the 3 stages of HIV

A
  1. acute (high viral load, infection is local for 3 days before dissemination to other organs)
  2. chronic
  3. AIDS

Winter course I (15 decks)

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