Lung Flashcards
describe the pathology of primary ciliary dyskinesia
when cilia are not working properly, mucus starts to build up and leads to destruction of lung area
what is the function of goblet cells?
produce mucine
describe the pathology of goblet cells –> cystic fibrosis
chloride ions cannot pass through causing sticky mucus to build up blocking the airway resulting in widening of the bronchi and destruction of the lung area
what is the function of neuro-endocrine cells?
important in lung development
name 3 reasons why the basement membrane could be thickened
- asthma
- COPD
- inflammation
name the 4 functions of club cells
- modulation of inflammation by cytokines/peptides
- metabolism of inhaled toxic compounds
- stem cell for cilitated/mucinous cells
- production of surfactant
why does the epithelium of the alveoli flatten?
for efficient gas extraction
what is the function of parietal and visceral pleura?
they are close to each other but not connected for expanding the lung
name 4 factors of the pulmonary defence
- clearing mechanism (sneeze, cough)
- mucociliary apparatus
- phagocytic and bactericidal action
- edema, congestion
name 3 examples of each viral/ bacterial/ fungal/ parasitic pneumonia
viral; CMV, influenza A, EBV
bacterial; S. aureus, S. pneumonia, Tuberculosis
fungal; cryptococcus, mucormycosis, aspergillosis
parasitic; ascaris, echinococcosis, malaria
name 3 patterns of each viral/bacterial/fungal/parasitic pneumonia
viral; interstitial - lymphocyte, diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), viral inclusion
bacterial; necrosis, granuloma, interstitial
fungal; irregular hyphi, necrosis, inflammation
parasitic; fibrosis, eosinophils, abscess
give examples of viral/ bacterial/ fungal stains
viral; IHC/ISH
bacterial; gram, PAS, Ziehl-Neelsen (tuberculosis)
fungal; PAS(D), Grocott, IHC
what is sarcoidosis?
a granulomatous disorder of unknown cause affecting multiple organs (lung, skin, eyes, liver, heart)
name 3 treatments for sarcoidosis
- abatacept; CLTA-Ig
- JAK inhibition
- glucocorticoids
name the cells involved in sarcoidosis
- granulomas
- Th1- driven disease (IFNy)
- Th17 (IL-17A)
- double trouble; reduced CTLA-4 expression on Th17 (enhanced pro-inflammatory activity) and Tregs (decreased anti-inflammatory activity)
name the 4 symptoms of asthma
- shortness of breath
- chest tightness or pain
- wheezing when exhaling
- chronic inflammation of the airways, involving immune cells and structural cells in the lung
name 2 treatments for asthma
- corticosteroids
- bronchodilators (B2-agonists)
name 6 key triggers for asthma
- mould
- pets
- cleaning chemicals
- cigarette smoke
- fragrance
- dust mites
name the characteristics for T2 low and high asthma
Low; neutrophilic inflammation, non-allergic, late onset, involving IFNy and IL17 (Th1 and Th17)
High; eosinophilic inflammation, allergic, childhood onset, involving type II cytokines (Th2; IL4/5/9/13 and ILC-2) , associated with allergen-specific IgE
what is the role of the type 2 cytokines in asthma?
IL-4; promotes Th2 cell differentiation and biosynthesis of IgE
IL-5; recruit eosinophils
IL-9; induce mast cell accumulation
IL-13; airway hyperresponsiveness, mucus overproduction and bronchial structural changes
what is the role of ILC-2 in asthma?
increase in ILC-2 = increase in cytokine production
how can viral infections trigger an asthma exacerbations?
activation of CD8+ T cell, production of type-1 cytokines (IFNy), suppression of type-2 inflammation
describe the CD8+ T cell plasticity in asthma
Tc1 (IFNy) turn into Tc2 (IL-5/13) contributing to asthma exacerbations
