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VIROLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

characteristics of viruses:

structures in a virus

A
  • virion
    -enveloped/naked
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2
Q

characteristics of viruses:

morphology of a virus

A

-helical
-icosahedral
-complex

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3
Q

Can be made up of a Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) or Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) genome (but can’t be both)

A

VIRION

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4
Q

used to observe virus particles

A

electron microscope

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5
Q

parts of a virion

A

-capsid
-nucleocapsid
-peplomer
-core
-capsome
-envelope

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6
Q

suffix of virus family names

A

-viridae

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7
Q

Within each family, subdivisions called ________ are usually based on
physiochemical or serologic differences

A

genera

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8
Q

suffix of genus names

A

-virus

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9
Q

used to group virus families that share common characteristics

A

virus order

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10
Q

The only virus order that has been defined

A

Mononegavirales

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11
Q

what virus families are under the Mononegavirales order

A

Filoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, and Rhabdoviridae families

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12
Q

enumerate the steps of viral replication

A
  1. ATTACHMENT OR ADSORPTION
  2. PENETRATION or VIRUS ENTRY
  3. UNCOATING
  4. MACROMOLECULAR SYNTHESIS
  5. VIRAL ASSEMBLY
  6. RELEASE OF INTACT VIRUS PARTICLES
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13
Q

“Viral Tropism” refers to the specificity of a virus for a particular host tissue, which is determined in part by the interaction of viral surface structures with host cell-surface receptors

A

VIRAL TROPISM

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14
Q

Recognition of a suitable host cell and specific binding between viral capsid
proteins (often glycoprotein spikes) and the carbohydrate receptor of the
host cell

A

ATTACHMENT or Adsorption

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15
Q

Fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane

A

PENETRATION or VIRUS ENTRY

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16
Q

phagocytosis by host cells is an example of what step in viral replication?

A

PENETRATION or VIRUS ENTRY

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17
Q

What step of viral replication is the capsid removed?

A

Uncoating

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18
Q

In what step of viral replication are nucleic acids and protein polymers produced?

A

MACROMOLECULAR SYNTHESIS

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19
Q

a process by which structural proteins, genomes, and in some cases, viral enzymes are assembled into a virus particle

A

VIRAL ASSEMBLY

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20
Q

Envelopes are acquired during _______ from a host cell membrane

A

viral “budding”

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21
Q

In what instances is the release of intact virus particles triggered?

A
  • after cell lysis (lytic virus)
  • by virus particle budding from cytoplasmic membranes
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22
Q

is the study of the process and mechanisms by which viruses cause diseases in their target hosts, often at the cellular or molecular level

A

Viral pathogenesis

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23
Q

Displaying evident signs and symptoms

A

Acute Viral Infection

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24
Q

no visible signs and symptoms; virus is present in the host cell in a lysogenic state; maintained as a nuclear or cytoplasmic episome

A

Latent infection

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25
what does lysogenic state mean?
The virus is inserted into the host genome in a resting state
26
low levels of virus are detectable and the degree of visible signs or symptoms varies
Chronic or persistent infection
27
precautions in specimen collection
- proper specimen source - correct sample volume - timing of collection - Collected as early as possible after the onset of symptomatic disease - Swab specimens: should not contain chemicals or other compounds that may be toxic to cultured cells
28
a more convenient approach to obtaining a throat or nasopharyngeal sample
swab
29
viruses recovered through throat swabs
enteroviruses, adenoviruses, and HSV
30
viruses detected through nasopharyngeal swabs or aspirate specimens
RVS , influenza, and parainfluenza viruses
31
Washings and lavage fluid collected during bronchoscopy
Bronchial and Bronchoalveolar Washes
32
Bronchial and bronchoalveolar washes are used for
viruses that infect the lower respiratory tract; influenza viruses and adenoviruses
33
specimens used to detect rotavirus, enteric adenoviruses (serotypes 40 and 41), and enteroviruses
rectal swabs and stool specimens
34
more preferred sample: stool sample or rectal swab
stool sample
35
sample also acceptable for detecting enteroviruses in patients suspected of having an enteroviral disease
rectal swabs
36
urine sample is used to recover
CMV; mumps, rubella, and measles viruses; polyomaviruses; and adenoviruses
37
preferred urine specimen
Clean-catch first-morning urine (first-void urine)
38
procedure for urine sample virus recovery
- Centrifugation or filtration - Neutralize the pH with a 7.5% solution of sodium bicarbonate
39
viruses detected in blood sample
- CMV - HSV - VZV - enterovirus - adenovirus
40
preferred blood sample
5-10mL of anticoagulated blood
41
Heparinized, Citrated or EDTA is acceptable for
CMV detection
42
anticoagulated blood used if other viruses are being considered
Citrated blood
43
anticoagulant used for samples collected for nucleic acid testing
EDTA
44
used for serologic tests and nucleic acid assays
Serum
45
tissue sample is used to detect what viruses?
CMV, influenza virus, adenovirus, sin nombre virus, HSV
46
How is the tissue sample collected?
during surgical procedures
47
fresh tissue is preferred for _______
nucleic acid assays
48
used after removal of the paraffin (deparaffinization) and extraction
formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues
49
specimen for HSV and human papillomavirus (HPV)
Genital swabs
50
serum volume for antibody testing
3-5 mL of serum
51
Antibody testing: specimen collected as soon as possible after the appearance of symptoms
acute specimens
52
collected a minimum of 2 to 3 weeks after the acute specimen
convalescent specimens
53
convalescent specimens should be collected in a minimum of ______ after the acute specimen
2-3 weeks
54
Viral transport medium
Saline, or trypticase soy broth
55
viral transport medium is consist of
-buffered isotonic solution with a protein (albumin, gelatin, or serum - to protect less stable viruses)
56
Samples that can be collected with viral transport media
respiratory, swab, and tissue samples
57
Viral transport medium storage temp.
4 degrees celsius
58
Specimens should not be frozen unless a significant delay of ______ in processing is anticipated (held at _______)
>4 days; -70 degrees celsius
59
true or false in viral transport medium, specimens should be stored at -20 degrees
false. they should never be stored at -20 degrees celsius
60
Gold standard method in diagnostic virology
isolation of viruses in cell culture
61
enumerate methods in diagnostic virology
- direct detection of the virus in clinical specimens - nucleic acid-based detection - isolation of viruses in cell cultures - serologic assays
62
the method used to detect antibodies to viruses
serologic assays

Virology (5 decks)

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