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Virology Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the general features of viral structure

A

Naked (nonenveloped) virus with icosahedral capsid
Enveloped virus with icosahedral capsid
Enveloped virus with helical capsid
Bacteriophage

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2
Q

What are the main components of naked (nonenveloped) virus with icosahedral capsid.

A

Capsid and nucleic acid

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3
Q

What are the main components of enveloped virus with icosahedral capsid

A

Surface protein, lipid bilayer, capsid, nucleic acid

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4
Q

Name the main components of enveloped virus with helical capsid

A

Surface, lipid bilayer, helical capsid with viral RNA

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5
Q

What are the main components of bacteriophage

A

Capsid, nucleic acid, collar, core, helical sheath, base plate, spikes

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6
Q

What are the viral genetics definitions

A

Recombination, reassortment, complementation, phenotypic mixing

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7
Q

Exchange of genes between 2 chromosomes by crossing over within regions of significant base sequence homology

A

Recombination

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8
Q

What is reassortment

A

When viruses with segmented genomes (eg influenza virus) exchange genetic material. For example the the 2009 H1N1 influenza this was a pandemic emerged via complex viral reassortment of genes from human swine and avian viruses

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9
Q

When 1 of 2 viruses that infect the cell has a mutation that results in a nonfunctional protein, the nonmutated “complements” the mutated one by making a functional proteins that serves both viruses

A

Complementation

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10
Q

Give examples of complementation

A

Hepatitis D virus requieres the presence of replicating hepatitis B virus to supply HBsAg, the envelope protein for HDV

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11
Q

Occurs with simultaneous infection of a cell with 2 viruses. For progeny 1, genome of virus A can be partially or completely coated (forming pseudovirion) with the surface proteins of virus B. Type B protein coat determines the tropism (infectivity) of the hybrid virus. Progeny from subsequent infection of a cell by progeny 1 will have a type A coat that is encoded by its type A genetic material

A

Phenotypic mixing

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12
Q

Regard their genetic material what are the infective and non infective virus

A

Naked nucleic acids of most dsDNA viruses (except pox viruses and HBV) and + ssRNA viruses are infectious.
Naked nucleic acid of negative strand ssRNA and dsRNA viruses are not infectious.

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13
Q

Why the negative strand ssRNA viruses and dsRNA are not infectious

A

Because they lack the required polymerase to replicate

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14
Q

How virions of negative strand ssRNA transcribe negative strand to positive

A

Viruses carry RNA dependent RNA polymerases to transcribe

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of DNA viruses

A

All have dsDNA genomes like our cells except parvoviruses (ssDNA). All are linear except papilloma negative polyoma negative and hepadnaviruses (circular)

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of RNA viruses

A

All have ssRNA genomes except Reoviridae (it’s dsRNA). They can be + stranded, negative or segmented

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17
Q

What are the RNA viruses + stranded (mRNA)

A

Retro, toga, flavi, corona, hepe, calici and picornaviruses.

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18
Q

What are the RNA viruses with negative stranded

A

Arena, bunya, paramyxo, orthomyxo, filo, and rhabdoviruses.

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19
Q

What are the RNA viruses that are segmented

A

Bunya, Orthomyxo, Arena and reoviruses

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20
Q

Describe the characteristics of viral envelopes

A

Enveloped viruses acquire their envelopes from plasma membrane when they exit from cell. Exceptions include herpesviruses which acquire envelopes from nuclear membrane

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21
Q

What are the enveloped DNA viruses have helpful protection

A

Herpes virus, hepadnavirus, pox virus

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22
Q

All of this kind of viruses (except pox virus) are icosahedral and replicate in the nucleus

A

DNA viruses

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23
Q

What DNA viruses are envelope

A

Herpesviruses, poxvirus and hepadnavirus

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24
Q

Describe DNA structure and medical importance of herpes viruses

A

DS and linear, see herpesviruses entry 🤔

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25
Q

What are the DNA structure and medical importance of poxvirus.

A

DS and linear (largest DNA virus). Small pox eradicated world wide by use of the live attenuated vaccine. Cowpox (milkmaid blisters). Molluscum contagiosum

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26
Q

Flesh colored Papule with central umbilications keratinocytes contain Molluscum bodies

A

Molluscum contagiosum

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27
Q

Describe DNA structure and medical importance of hepadnavirus

A

Partially DS and circular. HBV: Acute or chronic hepatitis. Not a retrovirus but has reverse transcriptase

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28
Q

What is the DNA structure and medical importance of adenovirus

A

DS and linear. Febrile pharyngitis (sore throat). Acute hemorrhagic cystitis, pneumonia, conjunctivitis (pink eye) Gastroenteritis and myocarditis

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29
Q

What are the DNA viruses without envelope

A

Adenovirus, papillomavirus, polyomavirus, parvovirus.

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30
Q

What are the DNA structure and medical importance of papilloma virus

A

DS and circular. Warts, cancer (cervical, anal, penile or oropharyngeal) serotype 1,2,6 11 associated with warts and 16, 18 with cancer

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31
Q

What are the DNA structure and medical importance of polyomavirus

A

DS and circular. JC virus progressive multi focal leukoencephalopathy in immunocompromised patients. BK virus transplant patients commonly targets kidney

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32
Q

What is the DNA structure and medical importance of parvovirus

A

SS and linear (smallest DNA virus; parvus=small). B19 virus aplastic crises in sickle cells disease. Slapped cheek rash in children (erythema infectiosum, or fifth disease) infects RBC precursors and endothelial cells causes RBC destruction hydroplane fetails and death in fetus, pure RBC aplasia and rheumatoid arthritis like symptoms in adults

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33
Q

What kind of virus is herpes virus

A

Enveloped DS and linear viruses. Recent data suggest both HSV1 and HSV2 can affect both genital and extragenital areas.

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34
Q

Route of transmission, clinical significance of herpes simplex virus 1

A

Respiratory secretions, saliva. Gingivostomatitis, keratoconjintivitis herpes labialis (cold sores) herpetic whitlow in finger, temporal lobe encephalitis, esophagitis, erythema multiforme. Responsible for a growing percentage of herpes genitalis

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35
Q

Where can herpes simplex virus 1 can stay as latent way

A

In trigéminas ganglia.

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36
Q

What is the most common cause of sporadic encephalitis and how is manifested

A

Herpes simplex virus 1. Can present as altered mental status, seizures and/or aphasia

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37
Q

Route of transmission and clinical significance of herpes simplex virus 2

A

Sexual contract, perinatal. Herpes genitalis, neonatal herpes. Viral meningitis is more common with HSV2 than with HSV1.

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38
Q

Where does herpes simplex 2 live in a latent way

A

In sacral ganglia

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39
Q

Transmission and clinical significance of varicella zoster virus

A

Respiratory secretions contact with fluid from vesicles. Varicella zoster (chickenpox, shingles, encephalitis pneumonia) Most common complication of shingles is post herpetic neuralgia

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40
Q

Where does varicella zoster virus (HHV3) used to live in a latent way

A

In dorsal root or trigéminas ganglia; CN V1 branch involvement can cause herpes zoster ophtalmicus

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41
Q

Transmission, clinical significance of epstein Barr virus (HHV-4)

A

Respiratory secretions, saliva also called kissing disease (common in teens young adults). Mononucleosis is the clinical significance but also associated with lymphoma (eg endemic Burlington lymphoma (especially Asian adults) lymphoproligerative disease in transplant patients)

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42
Q

Describe mononucleosis

A

Fever hepatosplenomegaly pharyngitis and lymphadenopathy (especially posterior cervical nodes). Avoid contact sports until resolution due to risk of splenic rupture

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43
Q

What cells infect epataron Barr

A

CD 21

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44
Q

What test is positive in epataron Barr infection describe

A

Positive monospot test. Heterophobia antibodies detected by agglutination of sheep or horse RBC.

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45
Q

What happens if mononucleosis receive amoxicillin for presumed strep pharyngitis

A

Can cause maculopapular rash

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46
Q

Transmission and clinical significance of CMV (HHV-5)

A

Congenital, transfusion, sexual contact, saliva, urine, transplant. Infection in immunocompromised especially pneumonia in transplant patients; esophagitis, AIDS retinitis that cause: hemorrhage cotton wool exudates, vision loss. Congenital CMV

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47
Q

Epstein Barr has a specific characteristic in microscopic view

A

Infected cells have characteristic owl eye intramuscular inclusions. CMV live latente in mononuclear cells

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48
Q

Transmission and clinical significance of herpes viruses 6 and 7

A

Saliva, rosella infantum (exanthem subitum) high fevers for several days that can cause seizures, followed by diffuse macular rash (starts on thunk then spreads to extremities) usually seen in children less two years

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49
Q

Transmission and clinical significance of herpes virus 8

A

Sexual contact. Kaposi sarcoma (neoplasm of endothelial cells) seen in HIV/AIDS and transplant patients. Dark violaceous plaques or nodules representing vascular proliferations. Cas also affect GI tract and lungs

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50
Q

Name the diagnosis technique of HSV identification

A

PCR of skin lesions is test of choice
CSF PCR for herpes encephalitis
Tzanck test (outdated) a smear of an opened skin vesicles to detect multinucleated giant cells
And cow dry A inclusions

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51
Q

Where are seen multi nucleated giant cells and intranuclear eosinophilic Cowdry A

A

HSV1, HSV2 and VZV

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52
Q

Receptors of this virus: CMV, EBV, HIV, parvovirus B19, rabies, rhinovirus and Sars cov 2

A

CMV: integrins (heparan sulfate)
EBV: CD21
HIV: CD4, CXCR4,CCR5
Parvovirus B19: P antigen on RBC
Rabies: Nicotinic AChR
Rhinovirus: ICAM-1
Sars cov 2: ACE2

53
Q

Name the 16 kind of RNA viruses

A

Reoviruses, picornaviruses, hepevirus, calicivoruses, flaviviruses, togaviruses, matonaviruses, Retroviruses, coronaviruses, orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses, Rhabdoviruses, filoviruses, arenaviruses, bunyaviruses, deltaviruses

54
Q

Name the nonenveloped RNA viruses

A

Reo picorna hepe y calicivoruses

55
Q

Haga ya the RNA structure capsid symmetry and medical importance of

A

DS linear, multi segmented , icosahedral double capside and rotavirus important cause of diarrhea in young children may be fatal

56
Q

Envelope, RNA structure, capsid symmetry of picornaviruses

A

No envelope, rna SS positive linear, icosahedral

57
Q

What are the medical virus that are picornaviruses and their diseases

A

Poliovirus - polio Salk Sabin vaccine IPV/OPV
Echovirus - aseptic meningitis
Rhinovirus- common cold
Cocsackievirus- aseptic meningitis; herpqngina (mouth blisters, fever); hand foot and mouth disease myocarditis pericarditis.
HAV acute viral hepatitis

58
Q

Hepe virus envelope, RNA, capsid Simmetry

A

No envelop, RNA SS + linear capsid icosahedral,

59
Q

Name hepevirus

A

HEV

60
Q

Calciviruses envelope RNA capsid simmetry and medical importance

A

No envelope, SS + linear, icosahedral, norovirus- viral gastroenteritis

61
Q

Flaviviruses envelop, RNA, capsid simmetry

A

Yes, SS+ linear icosahedral

62
Q

Name flaviviruses and their disease

A

HCV, yellow fever, dengue, West Nile virus- miningoencephalitis, acute asymmetric flaccid paralysis
Zika virus

63
Q

Togaviruses envelope RNA structure capsid simmetry

A

Yea, SS+ linear, icosahedral.

64
Q

Toga crew - name the togaviruses

A

Chikingunya virus (co-infection with dengue virus can occur) Rubella, eastern and western equine encephalitis

65
Q

Matona virus envelope RNA structure, capsid simmetry, medical importance

A

Envelope yes, SS+ linear icosahedral cause rubella

66
Q

Retroviruses envelope RNA structure, capsid simmetry

A

Yes envelope, SS + linear, icosahedral (HTLV) and conical (HIV)

67
Q

Clinical importance of retroviruses

A

Have reserve transcriptase, HTLV T cell leukemia, HIV AIDS

68
Q

Coronaviruses envelope, RNA structure, capsid simmetry and clinical importance

A

Envelope yes, SS linear +, helical. Common cold Sars, covid-19, MERS

69
Q

Orthomyxoviruses enveloped, RNA structure, capsid symmetry, clinical importance

A

Envelope yes, SS- linear multi segmented, helical, influenza virus

70
Q

Paramyxoviruses envelope, RNA structure, capsid symmetry, medical importance.

A

Yes envelope, SS negative linear, helical, parainfluenzae croup, RSV bronchiolitis in babies, Measles, Mumps.

71
Q

Rhabdoviruses enveloped, RNA structure, capsid simmetry

A

Yes envelope, SS negative linear, helical, rabies

72
Q

Filoviruses envelope, RNA structure, capsid simmetry, medical importance,

A

Yes envelope, SS negative linear, helical, cause Ebola/ Marburg hemorrhagic fever often fatal

73
Q

Arenaviruses, envelope RNA structure, capside simmetry and clinical importance

A

Yes, SS + and negative circular multisegmented, helical. LCMV lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Lasda fever encephalitis- spread by rodents

74
Q

Bunyaviruses enveloped, RNA structure, capsid simmetry and clinical importance

A

Yes, SS negative circular multisegmented, helical, California enchephalitis, sandfly Rift valley fevers, Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever, hantavirus, hemorrhagic fever, pneumonia

75
Q

Delta virus envelope, RNA structure, capsid simmetry, medical importance

A

Yes envelope, SS negative circular, uncertain, HDV

76
Q

What picornaviruses are enteroviruses and can cause aseptic viral meningitis

A

Poliovirus, echovirus and coxsackievirus

77
Q

Peculiarities of rhinovirus

A

Is a picornavirus that doesn’t infect GI (is not a enterovirus) because tus acid labile destroyed by stomach acid. Is cause of common cold more than 100 serologic types

78
Q

Is the most important global cause of infantile gastroenteritis. Major cause of acute diarrhea in the United States during winter specially in day care centers kindergartens

A

Rotaviruses

79
Q

What does rotavirus cause in Villous

A

Villous destruction with atrophy leads to decrease absorption of Na and loss K

80
Q

CDC Recomemdations and exceptions of rotavirus vaccine

A

To all infants except those with a history of intussuception (rare adverse am effect of rotavirus vaccination) or SCID (severe combined immunodeficiencies)

81
Q

Describe de influenza viruses infection and diss ease infections

A

Influenza viruses are orthomyxoviruses that contain hemagglutinin (binds sialic acid and promotes viral entry) and neuraminidase (promotes progeny virion release) antigens

82
Q

What it’s a imminent risk of influenza virus infection

A

Bacterial superinfection (most commonly S aureus, S pneumoniae and H influenzae.

83
Q

What is the influenza viruses treatments and it’s mechanism

A

Supportive +/- neuraminidase inhibitor (eg oseltamivir and sanamivir)

84
Q

How is the influenza viruses vaccine

A

Reformulated vaccine (the flu shot) contains viral strains most likely to appear during the flu season due to the virus rapid genetic change

85
Q

What are the kinds of vaccines for influenza viruses

A

Reformulated already described, killed viral vaccine is most frequently used. Live attenuated vaccine contains temperature sensitive mutant that replica Rea un the nose but not un the lung administered intranasally

86
Q

What is genetic antigenic shift

A

Infection of 1 cell by 2 different segmented viruses (eg swine influenza and human influenza viruses) RNA segmented reassortment dramatically different virus ( genetic shift) major global outbreaks (pandemic)

87
Q

What is genetic antigenic drift

A

Random mutation in hemagglutinin (HA) or neuraminidase (NA) genes conducts minor changes in HA or NA protein (drift) occur frequently conducts to local seasonal outbreaks (epidemics)

88
Q

What are the two genetics antigenic a changes that happen in influenza viruses infection

A

Genetic antigenic shift and drift

89
Q

What is the other name of rubella

A

Herman 3 day measles.

90
Q

Describe rubella

A

Fever postauricular and other lymphadenopathy arthralgias and fine maculopapular rash that starts on face and spreads centrifugally to involve thunk and extremities. Cause mild disease in children but serious congenital disease

91
Q

What are the congenital rubella findings

A

Include classic triad of sensorineural deafness, cataracts, and patent ductus arteriosus. Blue berrry muffin appearance may be seen due to dermal extra medullary hematopoises

92
Q

What are the children’s disease of paramyxoviruses

A

Parainfluenzae (croup) mumps, measles, RSV and human metapneumovirus. All subtypes can cause respiratory tract infection (bronchiolitis pneumonia) in infants. All contain surface F (fusion) protein which causes respiratory epithelial cells to fuse and form multinucleated cells

93
Q

What is the inmmunoteraphy of RSV paramyxoviruses and what does it do

A

Palivizumab that is a monoclonal antibody against F protein prevents pneumonia caused by RSV infection in premature infants

94
Q

Also called croup

A

Acute laryngotracheobronchitis.

95
Q

What is the kind of viruses that cause croup (acute laringotracheobronchitis) and how does it work

A

Parainfluenza viruses. Virus membrane contains hemagglutinin (binds sialic acid and promotes viral entry) and neuraminidase (promotes progeny virion release) antigens.

96
Q

Name some characteristic of acute laryngotracheobronchitis

A

Seal like barking cough and and inspiratory stridor. Narrowing of upper trachea and sub glottis leads to characteristics steeple sign on x ray

97
Q

Usual presentation involves prodromal fever with cough coryza and conjuctivitis then eventually koplik spots followed 1-2 days later by maculopapular rash that starts at the head neck and spreads downward.

A

Measles rubeola virus

98
Q

What are koplik spots

A

Bright red spots with blue white center on buccal mucosa

99
Q

What is warthin finkeldey giant cells

A

They are multinucleated giant cells having appearance akin to grape like clusters or mulberry. These are large cells enclosing multiple round regular sized nuclei incounspicuous nucleoli

100
Q

Name other clinical finding of measles (rubeola) that has a own name

A

Lymphadenitis with warthin finkeldey giant cells (fused lymphocytes) in a background of paracortical hyperplasia

101
Q

Name the three possible sequelae

A

Subacute sclerosis from panencephalitis SSPE personality changes dementia autonomic dysfunction death (accura years later)

Encephalitis (1:1000): symptoms appear within few days of rash

Giant cell pneumonia (rare except in immunosuppressed)

102
Q

Name the 4 C of measles

A

Cough
Coryza
Conjuctivitis
C oplik spots

103
Q

What reduce morbidity and mortality from measles particularly in malnourished children

A

Vitamin A supplementation

104
Q

What is the most common cause of measles associated death in children

A

Pneumonia

105
Q

Symptoms of mumps virus

A

Parotitis, orchitis, aseptic meningitis and pancreatitis. Can cause sterility (especially after puberty)

106
Q

What is the virus type of chikungunya symptoms and diagnosis

A

Alpha virus/ toga virus
High fever maculopapular rash headache lymphadenopathy and inflammatory poly arthritis arthralgias are more commonly reported (vs dengue) joint swelling is highly specific for chikungunya. Thrombocytopenia leukopenia and hemorrhagic manifestation are less common
Diagnosis: RT-PCR and serology

107
Q

How is the treatment an prevention of chikungunya

A

Supportive, steroids or DMARDs for chronic arthritis. Prevention minimize mosquito exposure no vaccine currently available

108
Q

What is the virus type, symptoms and diagnosis of dengue virus

A

Flavivirus
Dengue fever: fever, rash, headache, myalgias, arthralgias, retro orbital pain, neutropenia.
Dengue hemorrhagic feber: dengue fever+ bleeding and plasma leakage due tu severe thrombocytopenia and RBC perturbations. Most common if infected with a different serotype after initial infection due to antibody dependent after enhancement of disease. May procúrese to dengue school syndrome, plasma leakage conducts to circulatory collapse
Diagnosis RT-PCR serology

109
Q

Treatment and prevention of dengue virus

A

Supportive. Intravascular volumen repleto on or blood transfusion if severe shock.
Prevention: live recombinant vaccine available derived from the yellow fever virus backbone with insertion of genes for the envelope and ore membrane of dengue virus

110
Q

What kind of viruses are yellow fever virus

A

Flavivirus (also arbovirus) transmitted by Aedes mosquito bites.

111
Q

What are the reservoir and symptoms of yellow fever virus and vaccine

A

Monkey and human.
High fever, black vomitus, jaundice, hemorrhage, backache. May see councilman bodies. Live attenuated vaccine recommended for travelers to endemic countries

112
Q

What are councilman bodies

A

Eosinophilic apoptosis globules on liver biopsy

113
Q

Virus symptoms and diagnosis in Zika

A

Flavivirus most commonly transmitted by aedes mosquito bites.
Cause conjunctivitis low grade Pyrexia and itchy rash in 20% of cases. Outbreaks more common in tropical and subtropical climates. May be complicated by guillain barre syndrome. Diagnose with RT-PCR or serology. Sexual and vertical transmission occurs

114
Q

How is the miscarriage or congenital Zika syndrome

A

Brain imaging shows ventriculomegaly, subcritical calcifications. Clinical features in the affected newborn include. Microcephaly, ocular anomalies, motor abnormalities (spasticity, seizures)

115
Q

What are the CNS findings in rabies virus. And how is the shape of this virus

A

Bullet shaped virus. Negri bodies (cytoplasmic inclusions) commonly found in purkinje cells of cerebellum and in hippocampal neurons.

116
Q

How is the incubation period and post exposure prophylaxis

A

Long period weeks to month.
In wound cleaning plus immunization with killer vaccine and rabies immunoglobulin. This is a example of passive active immunity

117
Q

How does rabies virus move in CNS

A

Travels to the CNS by migrating in a retrograde fashion (via dynein motors) up nerve axons after binding to ACh receptors

118
Q

How is the progression of rabies disease

A

Fever malaise agitation photophobia hydrophobia hypersalivation paralysis coma death

119
Q

How occurs infection

A

Are more commonly from bat, rancoon, and skunk bites than from dog bites in the United States; aerosol transmission (eg, bat caves) also possible

120
Q

What kind of virus is Ebola virus and how occur its infection

A

A filoviruses. Following an incubation period of up to 21 days present with abrupt onset of flulike symptoms, diarrhea vomiting high fever myalgia. Can progress to DIC diffuse hemorrhage shock. Diagnosed with RT-PCR within 48 h of symptoms onset. High mortality rate

121
Q

How is the transmission of Ebola virus and treatment

A

Transmission requires direct contact with bodily fluid fomites (including dead bodies) infected bats or primates (apes monkeys); high incidence of health care associated infection. Supportive care no definitive treatment. Vaccination of contacts, strict isolation of infected individuals and barrier practices for health care workers
Are key to preventing transmission

122
Q

What is the meaning of SARD-CoV2

A

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

123
Q

What is the kind of the virus of sars cov 2

A

Positive ssRNA

124
Q

There are two variants of symptoms of sars cov 2 common and more specific describes

A

Common: fever myalgia headache nasal congestion sneezing, cough, sore throat, GO symptoms )nausea diarrhea )
More specific: anosmia (loss of smell) dysgeusia (altered taste)

125
Q

What is the most frequent serious manifestation and complication of sars cov 2

A

Pneumonia is the most frequent serious manifestation but complications can include acute respiratory distress syndrome, hypercoagulability (thromboembolic complications including DVT, PE, stroke) myocardial injury neurologic sequelae shock organ failure death

126
Q

Risk factor for severe illness of sars cov 2

A

Pre existing medical comorbisities (obesity hypertension)

127
Q

How is diagnose sars cov 2

A

Nucleic acid amplification test (most commonly RT-PCR) test detecting viral antigen are rapid and more accesible but typically less sensitive NAATs

128
Q

How is the entrance and pathophysiology in sars cov 2

A

Host cell entry occurs by attachment of viral spike protein to ACE2 receptor on cell membranes. Anti spike protein antibodies confer immunity. Vaccination (primary series and booster) induces humoral and cellular immunity which decreases risk of contracting or transmitting the virus and confers high rates of protection against severe disease and death.

129
Q

Name some therapies against sars cov 2

A

Virus specific options include antivirals (remdesubir, nirmatrelvir-ritonavir, molnupiravir) and antibody based therapies. Therapies directed against the inflammatory response include dexamethasone and immunomodulators (baricitinib, IL-6 pathway inhibitors)

Microbiology (4 decks)

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