Parasitology Flashcards

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1
Q

How is the symptoms of giardia lamblia

A

Bloating, flatulence, foul smelling, no bloody fatty diarrhea often seen in campers hikers

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2
Q

How is the transmission, diagnosis and treatment of giardia lamblia

A

Cysts in water, multinucleated trophozoites or cysts in stool, antigen detection, PCR. Tibidazol, nitazoxanide or metronidazole

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3
Q

How is the disease as of entamoeba hystolytica

A

Amebiasis, bloody diarrhea (dysentery) liver abscess (anchovy paste exudate l) RUQ pain; histology of colon biopsy shows flask shaped ulcers

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4
Q

How is the transmission and diagnosis of amebiasis

A

Cysts in water. Serology, antigen testing, PCR , and or trophozoites (with engulfed RBCs in the cytoplasm or cysts with up to 4 nuclei in stool

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5
Q

What is the treatment of amebiasis

A

Metronidazole, paramomycin for asymptomatic cyst passers

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6
Q

Cause severe diarrhea in AIDS and mild disease (watery diarrhea in immunocompetent hosts. Their Oocysts in water

A

Cryptosporidium

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7
Q

Diagnosis of cryptosporidium and treatment

A

Oocysts on acid fast stain, antigen detection and PCR. Prevention (by filtering city water supplies); nitazoxanide in immunocompromised hosts

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8
Q

How is the three main diseases presentation that has toxoplasma gondii

A

Immunocompetent: munonucleosis like symptoms with negative heterophile antibody test. Reactivation in AIDS causes brain abscesses usually seen as multiple ring enhancing lesions on MRI. And congenital toxoplasmosis

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9
Q

What is the classic triad in congenital toxoplasmosis

A

Chrorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, and intracranial calcifications

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10
Q

How is the transmission and diagnosis of toxoplasma gondii

A

Cysts in meat (most common) Oocysts in cat feces; crosses placenta (pregnant patients should avoid cats ). Diagnose: serology, biopsy (tachyzoite); PCR of amniotic fluid for possible intrauterine disease.

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11
Q

Treatment sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine. Prophylaxis with TMP-SMX when CD4 cell count less 100 cells/mm3

A

Toxoplasma gondii treatment and prophylaxis

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12
Q

Cause rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis. Is acquired swimming in warm freshwater; enters CNS through olfactory nerve via cribiform plate

A

Naegleria fowleri

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13
Q

How is the diagnose of naegleria fowleri and treatment

A

Amoebas in CSF. Amphotericin B has been effective for a few survivors

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14
Q

Cause of African sleeping sickness

A

Trypanosoma Brucei

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15
Q

Trypanosoma brucei transmission and diagnose

A

Tsetse fly a painful bite. Trypomastigote in blood smear

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16
Q

Describe the African sleeping sickness

A

Enlarges lymph nodes, recurring fever (due to antigenic variation), somnolence, coma

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17
Q

What is the treatment of African sleeping sickness

A

Suramin for blood borne diseases
Melarsoprol for CNS penetration

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18
Q

Cause cyclic fevers, headache, anemia, splenomegaly; hypoglycemia in severe disease

A

Plasmodium

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19
Q

How is transmitted and how is the treatment

A

Anopheles mosquito. If sensitive chloroquine. If resistant mefloquine, doxycycline or atovaquone/proguanil. If life threatening use intravenous quinine or artesunate (test for G6PD deficiency )

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20
Q

How is disease and diagnosis of P malariae

A

72 h fever cycle (quartan). Blood smear with trophozoite ring within RBC

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21
Q

p. Vivax and Ovale disease, diagnosis and treatment

A

48 h fever cycle (tertian); dormant form (hypnozoite) in liver. Blood smear with trophozoites and schuffner stippling (small red granules) within RBC cytoplasm. Add primaquine to target hypnozoites

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22
Q

P falciparum disease and diagnosis

A

Severe, irregular fever pattern; parasitized RBC may occlude capillaries in brain (cerebral malaria) kidneys lungs. Blood smear with trophozoite ring (headphone shaped) within RBC, crescent shaped gametocytes

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23
Q

Fever and hemolytic anemia; predominantly in northeastern and north central unites states; asplenia increase risk of severe disease due to inability to clear infected RBC

A

Babesia

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24
Q

How is the transmission of babesia and diagnose

A

Ixodes tick (also vector for borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma spp). Blood smear ring form and maltese cross; PCR

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25
Q

Treatment of babesia

A

Atovaquone and azithromycin

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26
Q

Describes the chagas disease.

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy with apical atrophy, megacolon, megaesophagus, predominantly in South America. Unilateral periorbital swelling (Romaña sign) characteristics of acute stage

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27
Q

What organism cause chagas disease

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

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28
Q

Describe transmission of trypanosoma cruzi

A

Triatomine insect (kissing bugs) bites and defecates around the mouth or eyes, fecal transmission into bite site or mucosa

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29
Q

How is diagnose and treatment of trypanosoma cruzi

A

Trypomastigote in blood smear. Benznidazole or nifurtimox

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30
Q

Describe visceral leishmaniasis and it other name

A

Spiking fevers, hepatosplenomegaly pancytopenia. Kala azar

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31
Q

How is manifested cutaneous leiahmaniasis.

A

Skin ulcers

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32
Q

What is the organism that cause leishmania, visceral and cutaneous

A

Leishmania spp

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33
Q

What is the transmission media of leishmania

A

Sandfly

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34
Q

How is made diagnosis of leishmania and how is it treatment

A

Macrophages containing amastigotes amphotericin B, sodium stibogluconate

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35
Q

Name the sexually transmitted infections by Protozoa

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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36
Q

Describe vaginitis by trichomonas vaginalis and why it’s only transmitted sexual via

A

Foul smelling, greenish discharge; itching and burning. Sexual ( cannot exist outside it cannot form cyst)

37
Q

Describe how is made diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis

A

Trophozoites (motile) on wet mount; punctate cervical hemorrhages (strawberry cervix).

38
Q

Treatment of trichomonas vaginalis

A

Metronidazole for patient and partner (s) (prophylaxis, check for STI)

39
Q

What are the nematodes which take the ingested rout to cause infection

A

Ingested: enterobious, ascaris, toxacara, trichinella, trichuris.

40
Q

What are the nematodes which infect by cutaneous route

A

Strongyloides, ancylostoma, necator

41
Q

What are the nematodes which infect by bite

A

Loa loa, onchocerca volvulus, wuchereria bancrofti

42
Q

Ingested nematodes are (you’ll get sick if you EATTT these)

A

Enterobious, Ascaris, Toxacara, Trichinella, Trichuris

43
Q

Nematodes which infect by cutaneous route “these get into your feet from the SANd”

A

Strongyloides, ancylostoma, necator

44
Q

Nematode which infect by bite route “lay LOW to avoid getting bitten)

A

Loa loa onchocerca volvulus wuchereria bancrofti

45
Q

What are the six intestinal roundworms

A

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworn)
Strongyloides stercolaris (threadworm), Ancylostoma spp Necator americanus (hookworms), trichinella spiralis, trichirus trichiura (whipworm)

46
Q

How is the disease , transmission, treatment of enterobius vermicularis

A

Causes anal pruritus, worse at night. Fecal oral. Bendazoles, pyrantel pamoate.

47
Q

How is the disease of ascaris limbricoides, it transmission and treatment

A

May cause obstruction at ileocecal valve, biliary obstruction, intestinal perforation, migrates from nose/mouth. Migration of larvae to alveoli cause loeffler syndrome (pulmonary eosinophilia)

48
Q

What is loeffler syndrome

A

Pulmonary eosinophilia by migration of large to alveoli

49
Q

Describe the transmission and treatment of ascaris lumbricoides

A

fecal oral, knobby coated, oval eggs seen in feces under microscope. Treatment bendazoles

50
Q

Describe the disease of Strongyloides stercolaris

A

GI: duodenitis, pulmonary (dry cough hemoptysis) and cutaneous (pruritus) symptoms. Hyper infection syndrome can be caused by accelerated auto infection in the immunocompromised

51
Q

How is transmission and treatment of strongyloides stercolaris

A

Larvae in soil penetrate skin; rhabditiform larvae seen in feces under microscope. Ivermectin or bendazoles

52
Q

How is the disease caused by ancylostoma spp. Necator americanus

A

Cause microcytic anemia by sucking blood from intestinal wall. Cutaneous larva migraña (pruritic serpinginous rash)

53
Q

How is transmission and treatment of ancylostoma spp (necator americanus)

A

Larvae penetrate skin from walking barefoot on contaminated beach/soil. Treatment bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate

54
Q

How is disease, transmission and treatment of trichinella spiralis

A

Larvae enter bloodstream, encyst in striated muscle causes myositis.
Trichinosis is fever, vomiting, nausea, periorbital edema, myalgia. Transmission by undercooked meat (specially pork); fecal oral (less likely). Bendazoles

55
Q

How is the disease, transmission and treatment of trichuris trichuria

A

Often asymptomatic; loose stools, anemia, rectal prolapse in children. Transmission fecal oral, treatment bendazoles

56
Q

Name the tissue nematodes (roundworms)

A

Toxacara canis, onchocerca volvulus, loa loa, wuchereria bancrofti brugia malayi

57
Q

How is the disease, transmission and treatment of toxacara canis

A

Visceral larva migrans: migration into blood cause inflammation of liver, eyes (visual impairment), CNS (seizures, coma) heart (myocarditis). Patients often asymptomatic. Fecal oral and bendazoles

58
Q

How is the disease of conocer a volvulus, it transmission and treatment

A

Black skin modules, river blindness. Female black fly. Treatment ivermectin

59
Q

How is the disease, transmission and treatment of loa loa

A

Swelling in skin, worm in conjunctiva. Deer fly, horse fly, mango fly. Treatment: Diethylcarbamazine.

60
Q

What is the disease of wuchereria brancrofti, brugia malayi

A

Lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis)- worms invade lymph nodes cause inflammation lymphedema. The symptoms onset 9 months to 1 year

61
Q

How is transmission and treatment of wuchereria brancofti Brugia malayi

A

Female mosquito and diethylcarbamazine

62
Q

Name the tapeworms cestodes

A

Taenia solium, diphyllobothrium latum, echinococcus granulosus

63
Q

How is disease, transmission and treatment of taenia solium

A

Intestinal tapeworm, cysticercosis, neurocysticercosis, cystic CNS lesions seizures). Transmission: ingestion of larvae encysted in undercooked pork for intestinal tapeworm and ingestion of eggs in food contaminated with human feces for cysticercosis. treatment is praziquantel to intestinal and praziquantel, albendazole for neurocysticercosis

64
Q

How is disease, transmission and treatment of diphyllobothrium Latum

A

Histamine B12 defiende (competes for B12 in intestine) conducts to megaloblastic anemia. Ingestion of larvae in raw freshwater fish. Treatment is praziquantel, Niclosamide

65
Q

Describe diseases, transmission and treatment of echinococcus

A

Hydatid cysts (eggshell calcification) most commonly in liver and lungs; cyst rupture can cause anaphylaxis. Ingestion of eggs in food contaminated with dog feces. Sheep are an intermediate host. Albendazol; surgery for complicated cysts

66
Q

What are the trematodes

A

Schistosoma, clonorchis sinensis

67
Q

How is the diseases of schistosoma

A

Liver and spleen enlargement, fibrosis, inflammation, portal hypertension. S mansoni and S japonicum can both also cause intestinal schistosomiasis; presenting with diarrhea, abdominal pain, iron deficiency anemia. Chronic infection with S haematobium (egg with terminal spine) can lead to squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder and pulmonary hypertension

68
Q

What is the name is schistosome that can cause squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder (painless hematuria) and pulmonary hypertension

A

S haematobium

69
Q

How is the transmission and treatment of schistosoma

A

Snails are intermediate host; cercariae penetrate skin of humans in contact with contaminated water (eg swimming or bath). Treatment is praziquantel

70
Q

How is the disease, transmission and treatment of clonorchis sinensis

A

Biliary tract inflammation causes pigmented gallstones associated with cholangiocarcinoma. Transmission by undercooked fish. Treatment of clonorchis sinensis is praziquantel

71
Q

Name the ectoparasites

A

Sarcoptes scabiei, pediculus humanus and phthirus pubis, cimex lectularius and cimex Hemipterus

72
Q

How is the sarcoptes scabiei infection

A

Mites burrows into stratum corneum and cause scabies- pruritus (worse at night) and serpinginous burrow (lines) between fingers and toes

73
Q

How is the transmission of sarcoptes scabiei

A

Common in children, crowded populations, transmission through skin to skin contact (most common) or via fomites

74
Q

How is the treatment of sarcoptes scabiei

A

Permethrin cream, oral ivermectin, washing/drying all clothing bedding treat close contacts

75
Q

How are the disease caused by pediculus humanus and phthirus pubis

A

Blood sucking lice that cause intense pruritus with associated excoriations commonly on scalp and neck (head lice), waistband and axillary (body lice) or pubic and personal regions (pubic lice )

76
Q

What are the three bacteria’s that can be transmitted by body lice and what disease causes which one

A

Rickettsia prowazekii (epidemic typhus), Borrelia recurrentis (relapsing fever ) and bartonella Quintana (trench fever)

77
Q

How is the treatment of pediculus humanus and phthirus pubis

A

Pyrethroids, malathion, or ivermectin emotion, and nit combing. Children with head lice can be treated at home without interrumpting school attendance

78
Q

How is the infection of cimex lectularius and cimex hemipterus

A

They are bedbugs. Blood feeding insects that infest dwelling. Painless bite result in a range of skin reactions, typically pruritic, erythematous papeles with central hemorrhagic punctum. A clustered or linear pattern of notes seen upon awakening is suggestive.

79
Q

How is diagnose confirmed the cimex lectularius and cimex hemipterus and what is the treatment

A

Diagnosis is confirmed by direct identification of bed bugs in patients dwelling. Bites self resolve within 1 week. Eradication of the infestation is critical

80
Q

Associated with clonorchis sinensis

A

Cholangocarcinoma and biliary tract disease

81
Q

Brain cysts and seizures are associated with

A

Taenia solium

82
Q

Hematuria, squamous cell bladder cancer are associated with

A

Schistosoma haemotobium

83
Q

Liver (hydatid) cysts, exposure to infected dogs is associated with

A

Echinococcus granulosus

84
Q

What is associated with ancylostoma, necator

A

Iron deficiency anemia

85
Q

Myalgias, periorbital edema are signs of

A

Tichinella spiralis

86
Q

Are associated with portal hypertension

A

Svhistosoma mansoni and s japonicum

87
Q

Nocturnal personal pruritus

A

Enterobious

88
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency is associated with ?

A

Diphyllobothrium latum