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Medical Microbiology > Viriology week 1 > Flashcards

Viriology week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the difference between gram negative adn gram positive bacteria?

A

gram negative - thin cell wall sandwiched between 2 phospholipid bilayer. Gram positive thick peptidoglycan cell wall and stain crystal violet while gram negative is red or pink

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2
Q

stain used for myobacteria

A

acid-fast stain

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3
Q

Infectious agents with silver stains

A

fungi, legionellae, pneumocytosis

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4
Q

technique for fungi and amebae

A

periodic and Schiff

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5
Q

technique used to classify cryptococci

A

mucicarmine

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6
Q

Giesma technique

A

used to classify campylobacteria, leishmaniae, malaria parasites

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7
Q

acid-fast stain

A

mycobacteria, nocardiae

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8
Q

antibody probes technique

A

all classes

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9
Q

antibody technique

A

all classes

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10
Q

DNA probes technique

A

all classes

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11
Q

a protozoa infectious agent of the male and female urogenital tract

A

trichomonas vaginalus

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12
Q

a protozoa infectous agent that colonize the intestines

A

entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lambia

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13
Q

examples of protozoa in RBC

A

plasmodium

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14
Q

examples of protozoa in macrophages

A

leishmania

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15
Q

innate defense mechanism immune response

A

physical barriers to infection, phagocytic cells, NK cells, plasma proteins, complement system proteins

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16
Q

adaptive immune response

A

stimulated by exposure to microbes and increase in magnitude, speed and speciicity with successive exposure to microbes; mediated by T and B cells and split into humoral immune response and cell mediated response

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17
Q

humoral immune response

A

type of adaptive immune response: extracellular parasites adn bacteria and antibodies

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18
Q

cell mediated immune response

A

intracellular pathogens (viruses and bacteria that live inside host cells) *t cells/t cytotoxic

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19
Q

natural protectice mechanism of female reproductive tract

A

puberty until menopause; vagina is protected from pathogens by a low pH resulting from catabolism of glycogen in the normal epithelium by lactobacilli

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20
Q

who contracts UTI easily?

A

women; 10x more because the urethra in the bladder is cm adn 20 cm in men . distance between teh urinary bladder and skin

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21
Q

identify a natural protective mechanism of the upper respiratorry epithelium

A

particles can be trapped in mucociliary blanket ; tranported by cilary action to the back of the throat, phagocytyzed by alveolar macrophages or neutrophils

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22
Q

identify a natural protective mechanism of skin

A

low pH of the skin 5.5

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23
Q

identify a natural protective mechanism of GI tract

A

acidic gastric secretions, layer or viscous mucus covering in intestinal epithelium, lytic pancreatic enzymes and bio detergents , normal flora

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24
Q

identify a natural protective mechanism of urogenital track

A

regular flusing of the urinary tract with urine ; obstruction of urinary flow and/or reflux compromises normal defenses

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25
MALT
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues
26
describe some of the components and functions of the MALT tissues?
these lymphoid aggregates are covered by a single layer of Mcells; secreted IgA antibodies made by plasma cells located here
27
what is the role of M cells
important for transport of antigens to MALT and for binding and uptake of numerous gut pathogens; for absorption, transport, processing and presentation of antigens to subepithelial lymphoid cells
28
humoral response against infections
extracellular parasites and bacteria (antibodies)
29
cell mediated response against infections
``` intracellular pathogens (t cells /t cytotoxic) *viruses and abcteria that live inside host cells ```
30
basic functions of a complment
cgenucak defebce systen that works with the immune response and supplments the inflammatory response
31
nautral protectice barriers of the respiratory tract
alveoli or neutrophils
32
characteristics of a category A agent
easily disseminated or trasnmitted from person to person, high mortality rates, anthrax, plague small pox or botulism
33
characteristics of category B agent
easy to disseminatead, low mortality rates, ex: brucellosis, glanders
34
what's a strict pathogen
organism found in the setting of disease
35
opportunistic pathogen
infectious organism that doesn't cause harm to it's host unless it's host resistance is low (e.coli) ; organism that can colonize humans without enducing the disease
36
major causes of morbidity and mortality
pneumonia, influenzia and septicemia
37
examples of opportunistic bacteria
myobacterium, staphylococcus, streptococcus, treponema, pseudeomona, nocardia
38
classifications of infective agents
prions, virions, bacteria, fungi, helminths, protozoa, ectoparasites
39
General characteristics of prions
abnormal forms of a host protien (PrP) (normally found in neurons); cause transmissible spogiform ecephalopathies ; Kuku (human cannibalism) ; CJD ; Movine Spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
40
kuru
assosciated with human cannibalism
41
variant CJD
Creutzfelt_Jakob disease transmitted to humans from BSE infected cattle
42
BSE
bovine spingiform encephalopathy - mad cow disease
43
pathogenesis of Prions
PrP undergoes conformational change that conferes resistance to proteases ; which promotes conversion of normal protease sensitive PrP
44
how can CJD be transmitted
from person to person iatrogenically, by surgery, organ tranplant or blood transfusion
45
transient illnesses
colds influenza (types of viruses
46
peristent infections
viruses such as hepatitis B viris (HBV) or HCV
47
latent infection
herpes zoster virus
48
transformation
human papilomavirus (HPV)
49
bacteria general characteristics
prokaryotes, enclosed by cell membranse, lack membrane bound organelles, most bound by peptidoglycan
50
fungi characteristics
eukaryotes; chitin containing cell wall, and ergosterol containing cell membranes, grow as roung yeast cells or as slender filamentous hyphae ; hyphae may be septate; some my dimorphism
51
fungi at different temperatures
yeast at body temperature; grow as hyphal forms at room temperature
52
protozoa characteristics
single celled eukaryotes, major cause of death in feveloping countries
53
helminths characteristics
parasictic worms,
54
ectoparasite characteristics
insects (lice, bed bugs, flease), arachnids (mites, ticks, spiders; produce either directly by damagine the uhman host protective barriers or indirectly by serving as vector of transmission
55
special techniques for diagnosing infectious agents
gram stain, acid-fast stain, silver stain, periodic-acid schiff, mucicarmine, giemsa , antibody probe, culture, DNA probe
56
examples of category A diseases
anthrax, botulism, plauge, small pox
57
examples of category B diseases
brucella, staphylococcal, shigella,
58
routes of transmission
skin, GI tract, respiratory, urogenital
59
normal nhabitants in teh skin
s. epidermis and candida albicans
60
GI tract transmissions
by food or drink contaminated with fecal material
61
successful pathogens via urogenital transmission
N honorrhoeae, e.coli
62
transmission and relase of microbes from the body
skin shedding, coughing, sneezine, voiding of urine or feces, sexual contact, insect vectors, formites
63
immune evasion by microbes
modulate surface structure, hide form immune surveillance, inhibit phargocutosis, inhibit phagosome/lyosome fusion
64
pathogenic mechanism of microorganims (5)
contact or enter host cell adn directly cause cell death, release toxins that kill cells at a distance, release enzymes that degrade tissue components, damage blood vessels and cuase ischemic necrosis, induce host immune repsonses that cause additional tissue damage

Medical Microbiology (5 decks)

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