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Viral Respiratory Infections Flashcards

1
Q

what 3 groups of viruses affect the respiratory tract?

A

parainfluenza
adenovirus
influenza

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2
Q

how many types of virus cause parainfluenza?

A

4

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3
Q

which parainfluenza virus numbers cause pneumonia and sore throats?

A

1-3

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4
Q

what virus number 4 of parainfluenza cause?

A

flu-like illness

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5
Q

what sample do you need to diagnose parainfluenza?

A

respiratory-wash

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6
Q

what would you do with a throat swab to diagnose parainfluenza?

A

PCR

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7
Q

which vaccine do you give for parainfluenza?

A

none exist

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8
Q

how many types of adenovirus are there?

A

41

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9
Q

what are the symptoms of adenovirus in children under 5?

A

non- specific symptoms

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10
Q

what do adenovirus types 3, 4 and 7 cause?

A

pharyngitis - atypical pneumomia

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11
Q

what is the name of the virus that causes influenza?

A

Orthomyxovirus

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12
Q

what is a respiratory wash?

A

saline through nose/wash back of throat

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13
Q

what can you use to treat parainfluenza?

A

ribavirin

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14
Q

what shape is influenza?

A

oval/kidney shape

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15
Q

what kind of genome does influenza have?

A

8 segments of single stranded RNA

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16
Q

what does the influenza virus use its RNA segments for?

A

jumble segments to make different surface proteins

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17
Q

how can you identify the strain of influenza?

A

different surface proteins

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18
Q

what is the cell membrane derived envelope of influenza made up of?

A

lipoprotein

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19
Q

what is the antigenic protein on the cell membrane derived envelope of influenza?

A

matrix protein (MP 1)

lines the inside of the envelope

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20
Q

what does type A influenza virus have?

A

an extra M2 protein on the surface

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21
Q

what are the “rigid” spikes on influenza called?

A

neuraminidase and haemagglutinin

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22
Q

what 4 things is influenza liable to?

A

heat, drying, detergents, solvents

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23
Q

what are Haemagglutinin and Neuraminidase made up of?

A

glycoproteins

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24
Q

where are Haemagglutinin and Neuraminidase on influenza?

A

embedded in lipid membrane envelope

25
what does Haemagglutinin do?
sticks red blood cells together
26
how does Haemagglutinin work?
binds to host cell by sialic acid
27
what is the basic structure of Haemagglutinin?
4 Major variable regions | 13 major antigenic types
28
where is the host-receptor binding site on haemagglutinin?
on the top globular portion
29
what happens to the amino acids that surround the host-receptor binding site on haemagglutinin?
undergo change into antigenic variants what appears in influenza virus epidemics
30
what is the stem of haemagglutinin made up of?
triple stranded coiled-coil extending from the membrane
31
what is Neuraminidase?
a box-shaped protein with enzymic properties
32
how many antigenic types of Neuraminidase are there?
9
33
what is the life cycle of influenza?
1. virus attaches to host cell via haemagglutinin 2. the virus is taken up by endocytosis 3. virus releases ribonucleaoproteins (RNP) from MP1 4. RNP released into cytoplasm 5. transported into cell nucleus 6. replicates
34
how does influenza replicate?
1. translation/transcription 2. New viral RNA encased in capsid protein = capsid 3. moves to cell surface 4. haemagglutinin and neuraminidase are incorporated 5. Virus buds from membrane - cell does not die
35
what classes of influenza are there?
influenza A, B C
36
how is influenza A different?
'tulip' changes slightly | most common strain
37
how is influenza B different?
haemagglutinin changes slightly over time | only in humans
38
how is influenza C different?
uncommon | only in humans
39
what is the nomenclature of viruses?
``` TYPE of influenza, TOWN where first isolated NUMBER of isolates YEAR of isolation MAJOR TYPE of HA and NA ``` e.g. A SINGAPORE 6 86 (H1N1)
40
what is antigenic SHIFT?
different viruses infect the same cell and recombine to form a new strain. (e.g.) bird and human viruses infect a pig, from the pig comes a new virus
41
what is antigenic DRIFT?
vaccines and immunity - antigens on surface survive counted as a new strain
42
how is influenza transmitted?
inhalation of airborne viruses
43
how are patients with influenza more susceptible to secondary infections?
influenza kills epithelial cells of the lungs which is the lungs first line of defence
44
what are the symptoms of influenza?
``` Fever Headache Tiredness (can be extreme) Dry cough Sore throat Nasal congestion Body aches – myalgia ```
45
what causes body aches in influenza?
cytokines released as part of immune response
46
what is the incubation period of influenza?
1-3 days
47
what are the complications of influenza virus?
- Young, elderly, and persons with chronic cardio-pulmonary diseases - Pneumonia caused by influenza itself - Pneumonia caused by bacteria - Other viral infection eg. Adenovirus.
48
what do you use to diagnose influenza?
immunofluorescence or inoculation of cell cultures or eggs
49
how is immunofluorescence used to diagnose influenza?
fluorescent labelled antibodies to virus proteins - under microscope
50
how is egg culture used to diagnose influenza?
inoculate through shell and look for growth
51
what other non cultural methods are there to diagnose influenza?
Serology - serum antibodies by haemagglutination inhibition | use epidemiology to look for flu signs and symptoms during a community-wide outbreak of the flu
52
what is Haemagglutination?
Viral haemagglutinins bind and agglutinate red blood cells on microtitre plates causing them to sink to the bottom of well If there is no agglutination, red blood cells form a tight pellet
53
what is Haemagglutinaton inhibition?
antibodies against different subtypes of viral haemagglutinin bind and mask the viral haemagglutinin, preventing it from attaching to and cross-linking red blood cells.
54
what two ways can HAI be set up?
1. known reference antibody, unknown virus sample | 2. known reference viral haemagglutinin is added to a sample of patient serum containing antibodies against influenza
55
how do you treat influenza?
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
56
how does Tamiflu work?
competitively inhibits sialic acid, on host cell surface, blocking viral neuraminidase enzyme and prevents new viruses being released
57
what does Amantidine do?
Prevents uncoating of flu virus
58
how are vaccines made for influenza?
HA extracted from recombinant virus

X Infectious Diseases (9 decks)

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