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X Infectious Diseases > Viral Respiratory Infections > Flashcards

Viral Respiratory Infections Flashcards

1
Q

what 3 groups of viruses affect the respiratory tract?

A

parainfluenza
adenovirus
influenza

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2
Q

how many types of virus cause parainfluenza?

A

4

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3
Q

which parainfluenza virus numbers cause pneumonia and sore throats?

A

1-3

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4
Q

what virus number 4 of parainfluenza cause?

A

flu-like illness

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5
Q

what sample do you need to diagnose parainfluenza?

A

respiratory-wash

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6
Q

what would you do with a throat swab to diagnose parainfluenza?

A

PCR

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7
Q

which vaccine do you give for parainfluenza?

A

none exist

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8
Q

how many types of adenovirus are there?

A

41

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9
Q

what are the symptoms of adenovirus in children under 5?

A

non- specific symptoms

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10
Q

what do adenovirus types 3, 4 and 7 cause?

A

pharyngitis - atypical pneumomia

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11
Q

what is the name of the virus that causes influenza?

A

Orthomyxovirus

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12
Q

what is a respiratory wash?

A

saline through nose/wash back of throat

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13
Q

what can you use to treat parainfluenza?

A

ribavirin

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14
Q

what shape is influenza?

A

oval/kidney shape

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15
Q

what kind of genome does influenza have?

A

8 segments of single stranded RNA

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16
Q

what does the influenza virus use its RNA segments for?

A

jumble segments to make different surface proteins

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17
Q

how can you identify the strain of influenza?

A

different surface proteins

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18
Q

what is the cell membrane derived envelope of influenza made up of?

A

lipoprotein

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19
Q

what is the antigenic protein on the cell membrane derived envelope of influenza?

A

matrix protein (MP 1)

lines the inside of the envelope

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20
Q

what does type A influenza virus have?

A

an extra M2 protein on the surface

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21
Q

what are the “rigid” spikes on influenza called?

A

neuraminidase and haemagglutinin

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22
Q

what 4 things is influenza liable to?

A

heat, drying, detergents, solvents

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23
Q

what are Haemagglutinin and Neuraminidase made up of?

A

glycoproteins

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24
Q

where are Haemagglutinin and Neuraminidase on influenza?

A

embedded in lipid membrane envelope

25
Q

what does Haemagglutinin do?

A

sticks red blood cells together

26
Q

how does Haemagglutinin work?

A

binds to host cell by sialic acid

27
Q

what is the basic structure of Haemagglutinin?

A

4 Major variable regions

13 major antigenic types

28
Q

where is the host-receptor binding site on haemagglutinin?

A

on the top globular portion

29
Q

what happens to the amino acids that surround the host-receptor binding site on haemagglutinin?

A

undergo change into antigenic variants

what appears in influenza virus epidemics

30
Q

what is the stem of haemagglutinin made up of?

A

triple stranded coiled-coil extending from the membrane

31
Q

what is Neuraminidase?

A

a box-shaped protein with enzymic properties

32
Q

how many antigenic types of Neuraminidase are there?

A

9

33
Q

what is the life cycle of influenza?

A
  1. virus attaches to host cell via haemagglutinin
  2. the virus is taken up by endocytosis
  3. virus releases ribonucleaoproteins (RNP) from MP1
  4. RNP released into cytoplasm
  5. transported into cell nucleus
  6. replicates
34
Q

how does influenza replicate?

A
  1. translation/transcription
  2. New viral RNA encased in capsid protein = capsid
  3. moves to cell surface
  4. haemagglutinin and neuraminidase are incorporated
  5. Virus buds from membrane - cell does not die
35
Q

what classes of influenza are there?

A

influenza A, B C

36
Q

how is influenza A different?

A

‘tulip’ changes slightly

most common strain

37
Q

how is influenza B different?

A

haemagglutinin changes slightly over time

only in humans

38
Q

how is influenza C different?

A

uncommon

only in humans

39
Q

what is the nomenclature of viruses?

A 
TYPE of influenza, 	
TOWN where first isolated	
NUMBER of isolates
YEAR of isolation	
MAJOR TYPE of HA and NA

e.g. A SINGAPORE 6 86 (H1N1)

40
Q

what is antigenic SHIFT?

A

different viruses infect the same cell and recombine to form a new strain.

(e.g.) bird and human viruses infect a pig, from the pig comes a new virus

41
Q

what is antigenic DRIFT?

A

vaccines and immunity - antigens on surface survive

counted as a new strain

42
Q

how is influenza transmitted?

A

inhalation of airborne viruses

43
Q

how are patients with influenza more susceptible to secondary infections?

A

influenza kills epithelial cells of the lungs which is the lungs first line of defence

44
Q

what are the symptoms of influenza?

A 
Fever 
Headache 
Tiredness (can be extreme) 
Dry cough 
Sore throat 
Nasal congestion 
Body aches – myalgia
45
Q

what causes body aches in influenza?

A

cytokines released as part of immune response

46
Q

what is the incubation period of influenza?

A

1-3 days

47
Q

what are the complications of influenza virus?

A
  • Young, elderly, and persons with chronic cardio-pulmonary diseases
  • Pneumonia caused by influenza itself
  • Pneumonia caused by bacteria
  • Other viral infection eg. Adenovirus.
48
Q

what do you use to diagnose influenza?

A

immunofluorescence or inoculation of cell cultures or eggs

49
Q

how is immunofluorescence used to diagnose influenza?

A

fluorescent labelled antibodies to virus proteins - under microscope

50
Q

how is egg culture used to diagnose influenza?

A

inoculate through shell and look for growth

51
Q

what other non cultural methods are there to diagnose influenza?

A

Serology - serum antibodies by haemagglutination inhibition

use epidemiology to look for flu signs and symptoms during a community-wide outbreak of the flu

52
Q

what is Haemagglutination?

A

Viral haemagglutinins bind and agglutinate red blood cells on microtitre plates causing them to sink to the bottom of well

If there is no agglutination, red blood cells form a tight pellet

53
Q

what is Haemagglutinaton inhibition?

A

antibodies against different subtypes of viral haemagglutinin bind and mask the viral haemagglutinin, preventing it from attaching to and cross-linking red blood cells.

54
Q

what two ways can HAI be set up?

A
  1. known reference antibody, unknown virus sample

2. known reference viral haemagglutinin is added to a sample of patient serum containing antibodies against influenza

55
Q

how do you treat influenza?

A

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

56
Q

how does Tamiflu work?

A

competitively inhibits sialic acid, on host cell surface, blocking viral neuraminidase enzyme and prevents new viruses being released

57
Q

what does Amantidine do?

A

Prevents uncoating of flu virus

58
Q

how are vaccines made for influenza?

A

HA extracted from recombinant virus

X Infectious Diseases (9 decks)

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