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X Infectious Diseases > Bacterial Respiratory Infections > Flashcards

Bacterial Respiratory Infections Flashcards

1
Q

what protective mechanisms do the lungs and bronchi have against infection?

A

cilia

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2
Q

how does the cilia in smokers increase the risk of infection?

A

slower cilia movement = more time for bacteria to reproduce

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3
Q

what does the upper respiratory tract consist of?

A
  • nasal cavity
  • throat (pharynx)
  • nostrils
  • mouth
  • voicebox (larynx)
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4
Q

what does the lower respiratory tract consist of?

A
  • trachae
  • lungs
  • bronchi
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5
Q

what is the strategy of pathogens when infecting the respiratory system?

A
  • avoid mucus
  • resist phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages
  • survive and multiply in macrophages
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6
Q

what are the most common upper respiratory tract infections?

A

viruses, e.g. cold

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7
Q

what are the most common lower respiratory tract infections?

A

flu, pneumonia, bronchitis

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8
Q

give 6 examples of bacteria that affect the lower respiratory tract

A 
Legionella pneumophila
Strep pneumoniae
Mycoplasma
Haemophilus influenzae
Bordetella pertussis
Hospital acquired Gram negatives
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9
Q

give 3 examples of viruses that affect the lower respiratory tract

A

Parainfluenza
Adenovirus
Influenza virus

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10
Q

what kinds of fungi infect the lower respiratory tract and in which patients?

A

Pneumocystis - people with AIDS

Aspergillosis

HIV positive patients

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11
Q

name a gram positive organism that causes nosocomial pneumonia

A

staph aureus

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12
Q

name a gram negative organism that causes nosocomial pneumonia

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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13
Q

how long after admission to hospital does a patient get nosocomial pneumonia?

A

48 hrs

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14
Q

how does someone acquire nosocomial pnemonia?

A

inhaled own flora

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15
Q

is nosocomial pneumonia resistant or sensitive to antibiotics?

A

resistant

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16
Q

what are the symptoms of community acquired pneumonia?

A

fever
chest pain
purulent sputum

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17
Q

what is atypical pneumonia?

A

coughing without production of sputum

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18
Q

what 4 organisms cause community acquired pneumonia?

A

strep pneumoniae
Mycoplasma
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Legionella

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19
Q

which mycoplasma causes pneumonia?

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

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20
Q

how long does a Mycoplasma pneumoniae outbreak last?

A

12 - 15 months

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21
Q

how often do Mycoplasma pneumoniae outbreaks occur?

A

every 4 years

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22
Q

why is Mycoplasma pneumoniae difficult to gram stain?

A

no cell wall

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23
Q

why cant mycoplasma be treated with some antibiotics?

A

no cell wall

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24
Q

where does Mycoplasma pneumoniae live?

A

mucosa with some strains in the genital tract

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25
Q

how does Mycoplasma pneumoniae cause infection?

A

attaches to receptors on epithelial cell surface, inhibits cilia movement to allow it to multiply and cause infection

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26
Q

what are the symptoms of pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A 
Fever
malaise
headache
sore throat
rash
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27
Q

what is the most common form of pneumonia in 5-15 year olds?

A

mycoplasma pneumoniae

28
Q

what is the treatment of mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A

erythromycin, tetracycline

29
Q

why is mycoplasma pneumoniae resistant to penicillin?

A

no cell wall

30
Q

why is mycoplasma pneumoniae hard to grow?

A

no cell wall

31
Q

how can you diagnose mycoplasma pneumoniae if you cant grow it?

A 
Specialised media
Fluorescent antibodies
CFT
IgM latex
ELISA
32
Q

is Haemophilus influenzae gram positive or gram negative?

A

gram negative

33
Q

is Haemophilus influenzae a coccus or a bacillus?

A

bacillus

34
Q

what 3 things can Haemophilus influenzae cause?

A

pneumonia, meningitis, arthritis

35
Q

what are the symptoms of Haemophilus influenzae infection?

A

Low grade fever,
wheezy cough which may persist for weeks
May produce a rash

36
Q

what do you use to treat Haemophilus influenzae?

A

cephalosporins

37
Q

can you treat Haemophilus influenzae with penicillin?

A

no -resistant

38
Q

what plates can/can’t Haemophilus influenzae grow on?

A

can- choc

can’t- blood

39
Q

how can you identify Haemophilus influenzae?

A

V and X growth factors

40
Q

how can you diagnose Haemophilus influenzae?

A

PCR

latex agglutination

41
Q

what 2 types of chlamydia cause respiratory infection?

A

pneumoniae and psittaci

42
Q

what is the difference between chlamydia pneumoniae and psittaci?

A

pneumoniae causes mild pneumonia or bronchitis in adolescents and young adults. Older adults may experience more severe disease and repeated infections

psittaci causes psittacosis or ornithosis after exposure to infected birds- originally parrots

43
Q

how does chlamydia cause infection?

A

Attaches to epithelial cells

Taken in to host cells and commences complicated 2 stage life cycle

44
Q

how is chlamydia spread?

A

Transmission through respiratory secretions or droplets and aerosols

45
Q

what is the incubation period for chlamydia?

A

Incubation period can be 1-4 weeks

46
Q

what are the symptoms of chlamydia pneumoniae?

A 
fever
chills
headache
muscle aches
dry cough
47
Q

can you see chlamydia pneumoniae on an x-ray?

A

yes

48
Q

can you grow chlamydia?

A

no because they are intracellular

49
Q

what special set up do you need to grow chlamydia pneumoniae?

A

McCoy cells

50
Q

how can you diagnose chlamydia pneumoniae?

A

Immunofluorescence
PCR
Also rise in antibody titres

51
Q

how do you treat chlamydia pneumoniae?

A

tetracyclines

52
Q

what kind of legionella causes pneumonia?

A

Legionella pneumophila

53
Q

where is Legionella pneumophila found?

A

air conditioning and water cooling systems

54
Q

how is Legionella pneumophila spread?

A

aerosol transmission

55
Q

how do you diagnose Legionella pneumophila?

A

immunofluorescence

56
Q

who is affected by whooping cough?

A

children under 5

57
Q

how does whooping cough cause infection? (2 stages)

A
  1. bacillus binding to mucociliary escalator - Stops it working so bacteria can multiply
  2. pertussis toxin
58
Q

how is whooping cough spread?

A

respiratory droplets, coughing, sneezing

59
Q

is whooping cough gram negative or positive?

A

negative

60
Q

what shape is whooping cough?

A

short rods

61
Q

what agar does whooping cough grow on?

A

Charcoal with horse blood

Bordet- Genou

62
Q

who does pneumocystis infect?

A

immunocompromised patients

63
Q

how do you diagnose pneumocystis?

A

microscopy as doesnt grow on media

immunofluorescence

64
Q

who does Aspergillosis infect?

A

immunocompromised patients

65
Q

what is aspergilloma?

A

non-invasive aspergillus

66
Q

what is aspergillosis?

A

invasive aspergillus

67
Q

how do you diagnose aspergillus?

A

Xrays
symptoms
Culture from sputum on Sabouraud’s agar

X Infectious Diseases (9 decks)

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