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Pathology Summer 2020 > Viral Pathogens > Flashcards

Viral Pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

RNA SS (+) Viruses

A 
Rhinovirus - naked. Common cold. 
Coronavirus 
Rubella
West Nile
Hepatitis A - non enveloped/naked. 
Hepatitis C
Zika
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2
Q

RNA SS (-) Viruses

A

Measles
Mumps
RSV
Influenza

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3
Q

DNA DS Viruses

A 
Herpes 
Varicella Zoster
Epstein Barr 
CMV
HPV- naked 
Hepatitis B
Adenovirus- naked
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4
Q

Viruses that are transient (short term)

A 
Measles
Mumps
Poliovirus 
West nile 
Viral Hemorrhagic fever
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5
Q

Chronic latent infections

A

Herpes simplex 1 and 2
Varicella Zoster
CMV
Epstein Barr

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6
Q

Chronic productive infections

A

Hepatitis B

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7
Q

Transformative infections

A

Epstein Barr

HPV

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8
Q

Common cold (Rhinovirus)

  1. Type of nucleic acid
  2. Transmission?
  3. Symptoms
  4. Vaccine?
A

Over 100 distinct serotypes.

  1. RNA SS (+)
  2. Respiratory droplets
  3. Fever, cough, congestion, aches, HA, sneezing.
  4. No vaccine
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9
Q

Coronavirus

  1. Type of nucleic acid
  2. Transmission?
  3. Symptoms
  4. Vaccine?
A
  1. RNA SS (+)
  2. Respiratory droplets
  3. Fever, cough, congestion, aches, HA, sneezing.
  4. No vaccines
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10
Q

Rubella Virus

  1. Type of nucleic acid
  2. Transmission?
  3. Symptoms
  4. Vaccine type
A
  1. RNA SS (+)
    2/3. Respiratory droplet- Mild. Rash maybe.
    Congenital- If congenial, can be destructive fetal pathogen. Fetal deafness, cataracts, glaucoma, heart defects, mental retardation.
  2. Live, attenuated
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11
Q

Difference in symptoms for adult with rubella vs fetus with rubella

A

Adult with rubella- mild. Maybe rash.
Fetus- Very destructive. Deaf, cataracts, glaucoma, heart defects, mental retardation.
!!!! Bad for pregnant women

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12
Q

Salt and pepper retinopathy is seen in which disease

A

Congenital rubella

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13
Q

West Nile Virus

  1. Type of nucleic acid
  2. Transmission?
  3. Symptoms
  4. Vaccine type
A
  1. RNA SS (+)
  2. Transmitted by mosquitos
  3. Asymptomatic, HA, rash, muscle aches, flaccid paralysis (floppy limbs)
  4. No vaccine
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14
Q

Measles

  1. Type of nucleic acid
  2. Transmission?
  3. Symptoms
  4. Vaccine type
A
  1. RNA SS (-) enveloped
  2. Respiratory droplet. HIGHLY contagious. Infects kids.
  3. Fever, URI, rash, KOPLIK spots (white spots inside mouth. Pathenopneumonic)
  4. Live, attenuated vaccine
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15
Q

Mumps

  1. Type of nucleic acid
  2. Transmission?
  3. Symptoms
  4. Vaccine type
A
  1. RNA SS (-) enveloped
  2. Respiratory droplet
  3. Parotitis (swelling of parotid gland), Orchitis (inflam of testicals- sterility), meningoencephalitis (inflam of brain)
  4. Live, attenuated
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16
Q

RSV Respiratory Syncytial Virus

  1. Type of nucleic acid
  2. Transmission?
  3. Symptoms
  4. Vaccine type
A
  • *Syncytial means multinucleate mass formed by many cells clumping together. Will clog bronchioles and cause inflammation.
    1. RNA SS (-) Enveloped
    2. Respiratory droplet, direct contact, fomite.
    3. Cold like symptoms. with palliative tx (tx symptoms)
    4. No vaccine.
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17
Q

Influenza

  1. Type of nucleic acid
  2. Transmission?
  3. Symptoms
  4. Vaccine type
A
  1. RNA SS (-)
  2. Respiratory droplet
  3. Chills, fever, HA, muscle aches, malaise, pneumonia
  4. Seasonal. Inactivated vaccine. Can be tri or quadrivalent (protect against multiple strains)
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18
Q

Why is it so hard to make the flu vaccine?

A

Antigenic drift and shift.

19
Q

Surface proteins on influenza

A

Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase

20
Q

Antigenic drift

A

Slow and gradual. Random mutations.

Think drifting slowly away on a raft.

21
Q

Antigenic shift

A

Quick and significant. Co-infection, hybrid virus, or new surface antigen.
Think cruise ship

22
Q

Trivalent vaccines usually protect against which strains

A

2A and 1B subtypes

23
Q

Zika Virus

  1. Type of nucleic acid
  2. Transmission?
  3. Symptoms
  4. Vaccine type
A
  1. RNA SS (+)
  2. Mosquito bites, sex, or from mother to fetus.
  3. High risk for pregnant women. Fetal microcephaly.
    Otherwise, mild. Fever, rash, HA, muscle pain, conjunctivitis. Guillain-barre (body attacks neurons)
  4. No Tx. Palliative.
24
Q

Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

  1. Type of nucleic acid
  2. Transmission?
  3. Symptoms
  4. Vaccine type
A
  1. RNA virus. Many families. Ex: ebola and yellow fever.
  2. Transmitted by insect bite/inhalation/contact
  3. Fever and hemorrhage. Endothelial cell infection, platelet disfunction, hemorrhage and necrosis in multiple organs.
25
Q

Herpes Virus

  1. Type of nucleic acid
  2. Transmission?
  3. Symptoms
  4. Vaccine type
A
  1. DNA ds
  2. Kissing, sex
    Manifests as fluid filled vesicles
  3. HSV1: Cold sores
    HSV2: Genital herpes
  4. No vacine.
26
Q

Latent herpesvirus infections

HSVI and HSVII

A

HSVI: Trigeminal ganglion
HSVII: Sacral root ganglion

Recurrence may occur due to head trauma, stress, fever, UV light, mensural cycles, or immunosuppression.

27
Q

Herpes Keratitis

A

Latent infection that emerges on cornea.
Dendritic epithelial under
Tx with Topical and oral antivirals

28
Q

What happens if you have recurrent HSV keratitis

A 
Corneal scarring 
Thinning
Neovascularization
Decreased corneal sensation 
Vision loss
29
Q

Varicella Zoster Virus

  1. Type of nucleic acid
  2. Transmission?
  3. Symptoms
  4. Vaccine type
A
  1. DNA DS
  2. Droplet or direct contact
  3. Chicken pox/Varicella.
  4. Live attenuated
30
Q

Where does varicella zoster virus stay latent?

A

Dorsal root ganglia

31
Q

Shingles

A

Due to recurrence of varicella zoster virus. Had to have chicken pox for recurrence.
Elderly, immunosuppressed.
Can get vaccine- Shingrix.

32
Q

Post Herpetic neuralgia

A

Infection clears, but damage to sensory nerve remains. May cause pain for years. Make sure to get pt on antiviral right away.

33
Q

Herpes Zoster Ophthalmic
Clinical signs
Treatment

A

Respects midline- hutchinsons sign indicates corneal involvement. (Nasocilliary nerve off ophthalmic nerve of trigeminal)

Signs: Conj, Iritis, pseudo dendrites, elevated IOP
Tx: Topical and oral antivirals

34
Q

Epstein Barr Virus

  1. Type of nucleic acid
  2. Transmission?
  3. Symptoms
  4. Vaccine type
A
  1. DNA DS
  2. Saliva.
  3. Selectively infects B cells. Fatigue, sore throat, swollen spleen (due to excess B cells- more likely to rupture)
  4. No vaccine
35
Q

Epstein Barr Virus. Possible for it to lead to __

A

Burkitt’s Lymphoma. Cancer due to chromosomal translocation in B cells.

36
Q

CMV

  1. Type of nucleic acid
  2. Transmission?
  3. Symptoms
  4. Vaccine type
A
  1. DNA DS
  2. Direct contact, kissing. Commonly seen in AIDS pts or children at birth.
  3. Congenital? CNS dysfunction.
    AIDS pt? CMV retinitis
37
Q

CMV retinitis

A

Seen in pts who have AIDS and CMV. Cotton wool spots, vision loss.

38
Q

HPV

  1. Type of nucleic acid
  2. Transmission?
  3. Symptoms
  4. Vaccine type
A
  1. DNA DS Naked
  2. Skin or genital contact. Most commonly sexually transmitted virus.
  3. Skin, genital, anal warts.
  4. Subunit vaccine
39
Q

How can HPV be a transformative virus?

A

It is carcinogenic and will inactivate p53.

Common cancer sites include: Cervical cancer

40
Q

What is hepatitis?
Clinical manifestations
Causes

A

Inflammation of the liver.
Signs: jaundice (build up of billirubin. Usually cleared by liver), fever, malaise, anorexia.

Caused by: Toxins, autoimmune disease, Hepatitis A, B, C, D

41
Q

Hepatitis A

  1. Type of nucleic acid
  2. Transmission?
  3. Symptoms
  4. Vaccine type
A

Acute, anal transmission.

  1. RNA SS (+)
  2. Fecal/oral
  3. Acute, viral hepatitis. Asymptomatic in 90% of infected children.
  4. No vaccine. Palliative tx.
42
Q

Hepatitis B

  1. Type of nucleic acid
  2. Transmission?
  3. Symptoms
  4. Vaccine type
A

Acute or chronic, blood borne.

  1. DNA DS (+) RT
  2. Blood borne, sexual, vertical
  3. Acute or chronic hepatitis (chronic maybe due to carcinogenesis)
  4. Subunit vaccine. Tx with interferon or antiviral meds.
43
Q

Hepatitis C

  1. Type of nucleic acid
  2. Transmission?
  3. Symptoms
  4. Vaccine type
A
  1. 80% chronic. 20% acute
  2. Blood borne, sexual, verical
  3. Acute infection is asymptomatic. Chronic infection results in liver failure, liver cancer, or portal hypertension.
  4. No vaccine because it is rapidly mutating. Tx with interferon or antiviral meds.
44
Q

Adenovirus

  1. Type of nucleic acid
  2. Transmission?
  3. Symptoms
  4. Vaccine type
A

VERY SPREADABLE
1. DNA DS Naked
2. Respiratory, fecal/oral, fomites.
3. Common: URI, gastroenteritis, conjunctivitis
Severe: Meningitis, encephalitis, pneumonia.
4. Vaccine (not available to public)

Pathology Summer 2020 (19 decks)

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