Plasma Protein Systems, Cytokines and Inflammation Outcomes Flashcards

1
Q

3 things that cause inflammation to occur

A

Plasma protein systems activated (classical, coagulation, kinin)

Mast cell degranulation

Cellular damage

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2
Q

Plasma proteins are products of the ___. They circulate where?? and what kind of cascade

A

They are products of the liver that circulate in the blood and cause an enzyme cascade.

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3
Q

What plasma protein system has the hageman factor and what does it activate?

A

Coagulation and activates complement and kinin.

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4
Q

3 main outcomes of the complement system

A

Chemotaxis, anaphylaxis (mast cell degran), killing cells by MAC and opsonization by C3B

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5
Q

How is the classical pathway of complement activated

A

Activated by antibody, antigen complex. Involves adaptive immune system. Activates C1 to start cascade, which is a pro-enzyme.

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6
Q

Which two PPS systems have pro-enzymes

A

Complement and coagulation

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7
Q

How is the lectin pathway of complement activated

A

Similar to the classical pathway. activated due to MBL

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8
Q

How is the alternative pathway of complement activated

A

Activated by binding to pathogen antigens. Binds free floating Cb3 (opsonin) to create C3 converts.

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9
Q

Complement cascade products

A

C3A and C5A:
Anaphylaxin (mast cell degran)
Chemotaxis

C3B:
Opsonization by alternative pathway

C5B and C6-C9
MAC

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10
Q

What happens if the complement system has a hard time shutting off?

A

Hereditary angioedema

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11
Q

Two parts of the coagulation system

A

Intrinsic pathway: Slower. Activated by endothelial damage/bleeding and platelets.

Extrinsic pathway: Activated by external damage and tissue factor.

Both result in activation of fibrinogen (soluble) to fibrin (insoluble).

Also has the hagemen factor that activates the kinin and complement system.

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12
Q

What is the result of the coagulation system

A

Forms a fibrinous meshwork.

helps stop bleeding, lays framework for repair, traps pathogens.

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13
Q

What is the kinin system and how is it activated?

A

Activated by bleeding. Results in the release of bradykinin, similar to histamine. Induces pain by sensitizing free nerve endings. Vasodilator and causes endothelial contraction and capillary permeability.

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14
Q

All cytokines are ___ and act on ____

A

Pleiotropic. Effect depends on which cells are activated. Could cause development, maturation, localization by chemotaxis, or activation.

Local and distant targets.

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15
Q

Interleukins
Released by __ and ___
Activates ____
Two types and their role

A

Released by MO and lymphocytes
Activates more lymphocytes to recruit
IL-1: Pro inflammatory. Pyrogenic. Chemotaxis and leukocytosis.
IL-10: Anti inflammatory. Inhibits growth of immune cells.

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16
Q

Interferons
Released by __ and __ and __
Activates ___

A

Released by MO and lymphocytes and viral infected cells.
Activates cells nearby to produce antiviral compound, which stops nucleic acid production.

Non specific.

17
Q
TNF-a
Released by \_\_ and \_\_ 
activates \_\_\_ 
Causes \_\_\_
Short term effect?
Long term effect?
A

Released by MO and mast cell degran due to PAMPs.
Activates macrophages and acts on liver.
Causes capillaries to become sticky. Endothelial adhesion molecule.
Short term: Fever and increases plasma protein systems via tapping liver.
Long term: Cachexia (wasting) and intravascular thrombosis.

18
Q

Clues that chronic inflammation is taking place

A
  • Granuloma. Wall off agent with collagen.
  • New blood vessel growth due to tissues releasing VEGF.
  • Fibrosis- thickening and scarring of connective tissue such as collagen.
  • Lots of lymphocytes and macrophages.
19
Q

Granuloma due to syphilis

A

Gumma in the CNS

20
Q

Histoplasmosis

A

Causes granuloma. Found in chickens and along ohio river valley.

21
Q

When is there more exudation. Acute or chronic?

A

Acute.

22
Q

When is there more fibrosis. Acute or chroni?

A

Chronic.