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Virology > Viral Pathogenesis L3 > Flashcards

Viral Pathogenesis L3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 steps to viral pathogenesis?

A
  1. Entry
  2. Incubation and Dissemination
  3. Disease (not always)
  4. Spread to other animals
  5. Recovery or death or persistent infection
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2
Q

What are routes of virus entry?

A 
Nose & Mouth
Respiratory Tract 
Conjunctiva
Scratch, injury
Arthropod
Capillary
Skin
Anus
Urogenital Tract
Alimentary Tract
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3
Q

What does the virus require to get through the skin into the animal?

A

A breach in integrity.
i.e. Minor abrasions, ,arthropod bite, bite of vertebrate (rats/dog), iatrogenic (artificially introduced by people - contaminated vaccines)

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4
Q

What are 3 viruses that can get into the animal through minor abrasions?

A

Papillomaviruses
Herpesviruses
Pox viruses

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5
Q

What are 3 viruses that can get into the animal through arthropod bites?

A

Bluetongue virus
Equine encephalitidies virus
West Nile virus

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6
Q

What are 2 viruses that can enter the animal through the bite of a vertebrate?

A

FIV

Rabies

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7
Q

What are 3 protective mechanism of the respiratory tract against viruses?

A
  1. Mucus blanket produced by goblet cells
  2. Ciliated epithelium
  3. Alveolar macrophages
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8
Q

What are 3 viruses that enter through the respiratory tract and cause localized infections?

A

Rhinoviruses
Mammalian influenza viruses
Adenoviruses

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9
Q

What are 3 viruses that enter through the respiratory tract and cause systemic infections?

A

Canine distemper virus
Newcastle disease virus
Foot and mouth disease virus.

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10
Q

What are 3 protective mechanism of the alimentary tract against viruses?

A
  1. Mucus + IgA
  2. Acid and bile
  3. Proteolytic enzymes
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11
Q

What are 3 acid-stable non-enveloped viruses that enter through the alimentary tract?

A
  1. Rotaviruses
  2. Caliciviruses
  3. Enteroviruses
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12
Q

What are 3 acid-labile enveloped viruses that enter through the alimentary tract?

A
  1. Coronavirus
  2. Pestiviruses
  3. Avian influenza viruses
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13
Q

What are 3 viruses that can enter through the urogenital tract?

A
  1. Herpesviruses
  2. Equine arteritis virus
  3. Papillomaviruses
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14
Q

What are 4 viruses that enter the fetus through the placenta?

A
  1. BVD
  2. EHV-1
  3. Feline panleucopenia
  4. Porcine parvovirus
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15
Q

What is the definition of Incubation Period?

A

The time from virus entry (infection) to onset of observable clinical signs.

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16
Q

Is the incubation period short or long when there is viral replication at the site of entry?

A

Short (2-5 days)

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17
Q

Is the incubation period short or long when the virus must spread before causing disease?

A

Long (1-2 weeks)

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18
Q

Spread from the site of initial infection is ____.

A

Dissemination

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19
Q

What are two methods of dissemination?

A
  1. Local spread on epithelial surfaces

2. Spread via blood stream

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20
Q

Influenza, rotaviruses, papillomaviruses and poxviruses spread via___.

A

local spread on epithelial surfaces.

21
Q

What is viraemia?

A

The presence of virus in the blood.

22
Q

Canine distemper and rinderpest viruses have ________ viraemia.

A

Cell-associated viraemia

23
Q

What virus is free in plasma (viraemia)?

A

Avian inclusion body hepatitis (adenovirus)

24
Q

Rabies, Aujeszky’s disease, herpes B and Borna disease viruses all have what in common?

A

Dissemination via nerves. (Uncommon and often fatal).

25
Q

What are 4 effects viruses have upon cells?

A
  1. Cell death: apoptosis, necrosis.
  2. Loss of ‘specialized’ functions
  3. Cell fusion
  4. Cell transformation (neoplasm)

Some viruses have no detectable adverse effect (non-pathogenic viruses)

26
Q

____ results when:

A sufficient number of essential, non-replaceable cells are killed.

A

Disease

27
Q

____ results when:

Rate of cell destruction exceeds max cell regeneration rate, resulting in organ failure.

A

Disease

28
Q

_____ results when:

Circulatory disturbances due to infection of endothelium (or DIC) occur - thrombosis, hemorrhage, effusions, ischaemia.

A

Disease again… ;)

29
Q

___ results when:

Epithelial damage and/or immunosuppression allow secondary invasions by other pathogens.

A

Disease…

30
Q

Widespread inflammation from a virus causes what?

A

DISEASE

31
Q

Interference with normal morphogenesis in the fetus and formation of immune complexeds (immunopathology) as a result of a virus causes____.

A

Disease.

32
Q

The extent to which a virus causes disease in a specified host is known as what?

A

Virulence

33
Q

Equine eastern encephalitis causes cytocidal changes in neuron (direct damage). Survivors have permanent neurological sequelae. What is the % of mortality in humans?

A

50-70%

34
Q

Rabies is known as ____ brain. There is ___% mortality in humans/animals. Death is caused by deregulation of ____ control over basic life functions.

A

“pristine” brain - very little histopathology

100% mortality

neuronal control

35
Q

Period during which an infected individual can infect others is known as…

A

Period of Infectivity.

36
Q

True or False:

Period of infectivity may begin before the end of the incubation period.

A

True

37
Q

How long can the period of infectivity be?

A

Short- days to

Long - weeks to months

38
Q

True or False:

Chronically infected animals (‘carriers’) may shed the virus in the absence of clinical signs.

A

True

39
Q

True or False:

Continuous or intermittent shedding is NOT possible.

A

False

40
Q

How can viruses be shed from the respiratory tract?

A

Coughing, sneezing, eating, drinking.

41
Q

How can viruses be shed from the oropharynx and intestinal tract?

A

Through faeces (diarrhoea), through saliva (licking, grooming, biting)

42
Q

How can viruses be shed from the skin?

A

Through direct contact and small abrasions.

43
Q 
From the urinary tract
From the genital tract
In the milk 
Via blood and tissues
The above are all mechanism of what?
A

Virus shedding.

44
Q

Can there be infection of a virus without shedding?

A

Yes via germplasm or via consumption of contaminated tissues

45
Q

What are the three outcomes of viral infections?

A

Death
Recovery
Persistent Infection

46
Q

What are 3 patterns of persistent infection?

A
  1. Latent Infection
  2. Chronic Infection
  3. Slow Infection
47
Q

Latency, integration of the genome, persist in an immunologically ‘privileged’ or inaccessible site, induce immunological tolerance in the host, induce immunodeficiency in the host, continuing antigenic change and non-immunogenic agents are all virus mechanisms of what?

A

Persistent infection.

48
Q

How do viruses cause disease?

A

Disease results from an interaction between the host and virus.

Virology (4 decks)

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