Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Virology > Viral Pathogenesis L3 > Flashcards

Viral Pathogenesis L3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 steps to viral pathogenesis?

A
  1. Entry
  2. Incubation and Dissemination
  3. Disease (not always)
  4. Spread to other animals
  5. Recovery or death or persistent infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are routes of virus entry?

A 
Nose & Mouth
Respiratory Tract 
Conjunctiva
Scratch, injury
Arthropod
Capillary
Skin
Anus
Urogenital Tract
Alimentary Tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the virus require to get through the skin into the animal?

A

A breach in integrity.
i.e. Minor abrasions, ,arthropod bite, bite of vertebrate (rats/dog), iatrogenic (artificially introduced by people - contaminated vaccines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are 3 viruses that can get into the animal through minor abrasions?

A

Papillomaviruses
Herpesviruses
Pox viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are 3 viruses that can get into the animal through arthropod bites?

A

Bluetongue virus
Equine encephalitidies virus
West Nile virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are 2 viruses that can enter the animal through the bite of a vertebrate?

A

FIV

Rabies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are 3 protective mechanism of the respiratory tract against viruses?

A
  1. Mucus blanket produced by goblet cells
  2. Ciliated epithelium
  3. Alveolar macrophages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are 3 viruses that enter through the respiratory tract and cause localized infections?

A

Rhinoviruses
Mammalian influenza viruses
Adenoviruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are 3 viruses that enter through the respiratory tract and cause systemic infections?

A

Canine distemper virus
Newcastle disease virus
Foot and mouth disease virus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are 3 protective mechanism of the alimentary tract against viruses?

A
  1. Mucus + IgA
  2. Acid and bile
  3. Proteolytic enzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are 3 acid-stable non-enveloped viruses that enter through the alimentary tract?

A
  1. Rotaviruses
  2. Caliciviruses
  3. Enteroviruses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are 3 acid-labile enveloped viruses that enter through the alimentary tract?

A
  1. Coronavirus
  2. Pestiviruses
  3. Avian influenza viruses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are 3 viruses that can enter through the urogenital tract?

A
  1. Herpesviruses
  2. Equine arteritis virus
  3. Papillomaviruses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are 4 viruses that enter the fetus through the placenta?

A
  1. BVD
  2. EHV-1
  3. Feline panleucopenia
  4. Porcine parvovirus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the definition of Incubation Period?

A

The time from virus entry (infection) to onset of observable clinical signs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Is the incubation period short or long when there is viral replication at the site of entry?

A

Short (2-5 days)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Is the incubation period short or long when the virus must spread before causing disease?

A

Long (1-2 weeks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Spread from the site of initial infection is ____.

A

Dissemination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are two methods of dissemination?

A
  1. Local spread on epithelial surfaces

2. Spread via blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Influenza, rotaviruses, papillomaviruses and poxviruses spread via___.

A

local spread on epithelial surfaces.

21
Q

What is viraemia?

A

The presence of virus in the blood.

22
Q

Canine distemper and rinderpest viruses have ________ viraemia.

A

Cell-associated viraemia

23
Q

What virus is free in plasma (viraemia)?

A

Avian inclusion body hepatitis (adenovirus)

24
Q

Rabies, Aujeszky’s disease, herpes B and Borna disease viruses all have what in common?

A

Dissemination via nerves. (Uncommon and often fatal).

25
What are 4 effects viruses have upon cells?
1. Cell death: apoptosis, necrosis. 2. Loss of 'specialized' functions 3. Cell fusion 4. Cell transformation (neoplasm) Some viruses have no detectable adverse effect (non-pathogenic viruses)
26
____ results when: | A sufficient number of essential, non-replaceable cells are killed.
Disease
27
____ results when: | Rate of cell destruction exceeds max cell regeneration rate, resulting in organ failure.
Disease
28
_____ results when: | Circulatory disturbances due to infection of endothelium (or DIC) occur - thrombosis, hemorrhage, effusions, ischaemia.
Disease again... ;)
29
___ results when: | Epithelial damage and/or immunosuppression allow secondary invasions by other pathogens.
Disease...
30
Widespread inflammation from a virus causes what?
DISEASE
31
Interference with normal morphogenesis in the fetus and formation of immune complexeds (immunopathology) as a result of a virus causes____.
Disease.
32
The extent to which a virus causes disease in a specified host is known as what?
Virulence
33
Equine eastern encephalitis causes cytocidal changes in neuron (direct damage). Survivors have permanent neurological sequelae. What is the % of mortality in humans?
50-70%
34
Rabies is known as ____ brain. There is ___% mortality in humans/animals. Death is caused by deregulation of ____ control over basic life functions.
"pristine" brain - very little histopathology 100% mortality neuronal control
35
Period during which an infected individual can infect others is known as...
Period of Infectivity.
36
True or False: | Period of infectivity may begin before the end of the incubation period.
True
37
How long can the period of infectivity be?
Short- days to | Long - weeks to months
38
True or False: | Chronically infected animals ('carriers') may shed the virus in the absence of clinical signs.
True
39
True or False: | Continuous or intermittent shedding is NOT possible.
False
40
How can viruses be shed from the respiratory tract?
Coughing, sneezing, eating, drinking.
41
How can viruses be shed from the oropharynx and intestinal tract?
Through faeces (diarrhoea), through saliva (licking, grooming, biting)
42
How can viruses be shed from the skin?
Through direct contact and small abrasions.
43
``` From the urinary tract From the genital tract In the milk Via blood and tissues The above are all mechanism of what? ```
Virus shedding.
44
Can there be infection of a virus without shedding?
Yes via germplasm or via consumption of contaminated tissues
45
What are the three outcomes of viral infections?
Death Recovery Persistent Infection
46
What are 3 patterns of persistent infection?
1. Latent Infection 2. Chronic Infection 3. Slow Infection
47
Latency, integration of the genome, persist in an immunologically 'privileged' or inaccessible site, induce immunological tolerance in the host, induce immunodeficiency in the host, continuing antigenic change and non-immunogenic agents are all virus mechanisms of what?
Persistent infection.
48
How do viruses cause disease?
Disease results from an interaction between the host and virus.

Virology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions