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Virology > Basic Concepts of Immunology L5 > Flashcards

Basic Concepts of Immunology L5 Flashcards

1
Q

What does a virus have to overcome to invade an animal?

A

Physical barriers- skin, mucus, low pH of stomach, digestive enzymes.

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2
Q

If the virus gets through the physical barrier and infects the cells - what first comes to action?

A

Innate Immunity

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3
Q

Innate immunity is fast and doesn’t have _____.

A

Immunological memory

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4
Q

What happens if the virus is not eliminated by the innate immunity?

A

Acquired immunity

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5
Q

Very specific and very effective (t cells and b cells). Takes a longer amount of time to take effect but does have immunological memory. This is known as..?

A

Acquired Immunity

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6
Q

True or False:

Acquired Immunity has immunological memory.

A

TRUE

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7
Q

A molecule that can generate an immune response when introduced to the animal is known as an ___.

A

Antigen

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8
Q

A part of the antigen that is recognised by the immune system. is known as ___.

A

Epitope

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9
Q

Not all epitopes are equal: when the complex molecule (a virus) is introduced to the body, the immune response is predominantly raised to selected epitopes. These are referred to as___.

A

Immunodominant

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10
Q

The same or similar epitopes that are present on unrelated molecules. If similar epitopes are present on two different viruses, the immune response to the first virus is cross-reactive against the second virus. This is known as:

A

Cross-reactive epitopes

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11
Q

What does the MHC - major histocompatibility complex allow the immune system to do?

A

Distinguish between “self” and “non self”.

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12
Q

Where are major histocompatibility complexes located?

A

Present on all cells in the body in one form or another.

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13
Q

What are antigens bound to?

A

MHC- major histocompatibility complexes.

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14
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

In the thymus.

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15
Q

What happens to T cells that recognize self-antigens?

A

They’re destroyed.

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16
Q

How many different types of MHC molecules are there?

A

3

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17
Q

What are MHC Class I and II involved in?

A

Antigen presentation.

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18
Q

What is MHC Class comprises other secreted proteins with immune functions (components of the complement system, cytokines or heat shock proteins)?

A

MHC Class III

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19
Q

What two factors can acquired immunity be divided into?

A

Cell mediated immunity and humoral immunity.

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20
Q

Elimination of abnormal cells and intracellular pathogens is known as ____ immunity.

A

Cell mediated

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21
Q

Elimination of extracellular pathogens is known as ____ immunity.

A

Humoral

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22
Q

What type of cells are involved in cell mediated immunity?

A

Cytotoxic T-cells

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23
Q

What type of cells are involved in humoral immunity?

A

Antibody producing T-cells

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24
Q

What are three common antigen presenting cells?

A

Dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells

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25
Q

What do antigen presenting cells do?

A

They digest the foreign invaders and take small bits of the virus. They work in conjunction/attached to with MHC I or MHC II molecules. The antigen fragment is presented to an effector cell- which then leads to an immune response.

26
Q

What begins an immune response?

A

Interactions between the effector cell and antigen presenting cell.

27
Q

When a T-cells/lymphocytes recognizes foreign material presented to it on an MHC molecule, what does it undergo?

A

It undergoes clonal expansion - creating many lymphocytes that recognize that antigen. Proliferation and differentiation of activated specific lymphocytes to form a clone of effector cells.

28
Q

What are memory cells? Give two examples.

A

Cells that allow the immune system to remember the antigen that they’ve previously seen.
T-cell and B-cells.

29
Q

Where do T-cell remain?

A

In secondary lymphoid tissues (lymph nodes)

30
Q

Where do B cells accumulate?

A

In bone marrow.

31
Q

Do memory cells divide quickly or slowly?

A

Slowly

32
Q

True or False:
Some of the memory cells require constant low level stimulation by the antigen while others can survive without stimulation.

A

TRUE

33
Q

Genetic factors such as species, breed, strain of virus and individual genetic differences are all determinants of what?

A

Resistance/susceptibility to disease.

34
Q

What are some physiological factors that are determinants of resistance/susceptibility?

A

Age, nutritional factors, stress exposure, body temperature, concurrent infections/diseases.

35
Q

What does determinants of resistance/susceptibility mean?

A

Different factors will result in different resistance/ susceptibility to infection with the same virus.

36
Q

Protection against disease upon exposure to a fully virulent pathogen is known as…?

A

Protective immunity.

37
Q

What is the aim of vaccination programs?

A

Protective immunity

38
Q

Is the animal protected… What are two tests that help determine this?

A
  1. In vitro testing (humoral and cell-mediated immunity)- looks for specific antibodies in a serum sample.
  2. Serological response to booster vaccine.
39
Q

What is a non-practical way to test an animal to see if it has protective immunity?

A

To challenge the animal with the virulent virus. If it gets infected then it wasn’t protected. If it doesn’t get infected then it has protective immunity.

40
Q

What are the three types of vaccines?

A
  1. Live Vaccines
  2. Dead Vaccines
  3. DNA Vaccines
41
Q

True or False:

Live vaccines can be attenuated pathogens, not attenuated pathogens or live vectors.

A

TRUE

42
Q

What does it mean for a live vaccine to have attenuated pathogens?

A

The viruses are still alive but are weakened.

43
Q

What is the most common live vaccine in domestic animals?

A

Attenuated pathogens.

44
Q

What are live vectors in a live vaccine?

A

It is a virus that normally infects another species but is similar to the pathogen of the injected species. The virus can’t multiply or cause disease in the non-species. The virus is genetically modified and proteins from the actual virus are introduced.

45
Q

What is an example of a killed whole pathogen dead vaccine?

A

Rabies

46
Q

What is in a dead sub-unit vaccine?

A

Viral proteins

47
Q

How do DNA vaccines work?

A

Serves as a template for mRNA for viral proteins. Recognition by the immune system.

48
Q

In theory, should an animal need a booster vaccine for a live vaccine?

A

No- because the vaccines are more potent and simulate what happens when infected with the live pathogen. The virus can replicate within the body. Therefore, it should continue to replicate and act as the booster. One vaccine should produce enough of an effective immune response and not need a booster.

49
Q

What does it mean if animals are non-responders?

A

Some animals will produce a poor immune response and will be poorly protected after vaccination. In contrast, some animals will produce a superior immune response (can lead to problems) while the majority of animals produce an adequate immune response. It follows the shape of a bell curve.

50
Q

What do maternal antibodies protect?

A

Young animals/their offspring.

51
Q

Where do maternal antibodies come from?

A

Colostrum and some can cross through the placenta.

52
Q

How long do maternal antibodies last?

A

Only for a few weeks.

53
Q

How do maternal antibodies react to vaccination?

A

Maternal antibodies will recognize the virus from the vaccine and will destroy it before an immune response can be generates.

54
Q

Why is it important to have a series of vaccinations for young animals?

A

Because of the affect maternal antibodies have on vaccinations. We need to allow the animal to generate an immune response as the maternal antibodies wear off in the first few weeks. However, we aren’t sure exactly when the maternal antibodies will be gone from each individual animal, so you need to account for that.

55
Q

True or False:
There is a small period when a young animal is not protected by active immunity from a vaccination or from maternal antibodies.

A

TRUE

56
Q

What are three main factors for vaccine failure?

A

Vaccine factors
Host factors
Viral factors

57
Q

Poor vaccine
Improper handling/storage (cold chain)
Improper administration (route/dose)
The above are all factors of what that influence vaccine failure?

A

Vaccine Factors

58
Q

Age
Vaccination during an incubation period (animal already infected)
Poor healthy or nutritional status
Maternal antibody interference
Genetic differences
The above are all factors of what that influence vaccine failure?

A

Host Factors

59
Q

What is a viral factor resulting in vaccine failure?

A

Serotype of the challenging virus is different from the one in the vaccine

60
Q

How can MHC genotype influence susceptibility/resistance to viral infection?

A

The gene has to encode the correct antigen presenting cells that recognize an antigen. Different genes might encode slightly different MHCs resulting in no immune response.

Virology (4 decks)

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