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Respiratory > Viral infections and pandemic influenza > Flashcards

Viral infections and pandemic influenza Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of influenza virus?

A

A, B, C

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2
Q

What are the key antigenic sites of influenza?

A

haemagglutinin
neuraminidase
M2 ion channel
ribonucleoprotein

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3
Q

What is the purpose of haemagglutinin?

A

virus binding and entry into cells

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4
Q

What is the purpose of neuraminidase?

A

cuts newly formed virus loose from infected cells - increases the amount of virus released from cells

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5
Q

Which types of influenza are the mainn human pathogens?

A

A and B

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6
Q

Why can gene re-assortment occur easily in infections with flu?

A

because the viral genome is segmented into 8 ssRNA segments

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7
Q

What can happen when an animal/human is co-infected with avian and human flu virus?

A

gene-swapping between the human and avian strains

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8
Q

Why is influenza prone to mutation?

A

no proof reading mechanism

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9
Q

What is antigenic drift and what does it cause?

A

minor antigenic variation

seasonal epidemics

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10
Q

What is antigenic shift and what can it cause?

A

gene reassortment and major antigenic variation

pandemics

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11
Q

What organisms can Influenza A infect?

A

pigs, cats, horses, birds and sea mammals

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12
Q

Which influenza virus causes severe extensive outbreaks and pandemics?

A

A

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13
Q

Which influenza virus is most often seen in children?

A

B

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14
Q

How is influenza transmitted?

A

aerosols
coughs and sneezes
hand to hand
fomites

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15
Q

What is the reduction number?

A

The average number of secondary cases generated by a primary case

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16
Q

What are the complications of influenza?

A

bacterial pneumonia

17
Q

what conditions can increase the mortality risk in flu?

A 
chronic cardiac and pulmonary diseases
old age 
Chronic metabolic diseases
Chronic renal disease
Immunosuppressed
18
Q

Give examples of supportive care offered

A 
oxygenation
hydration
nutrition
maintain homeostasis
prevent/treat secondary infections
19
Q

What can antiviral mediations do to help?

A

reduce the severity and duration of symptoms

reduce risk of transmission to others

20
Q

What is an outbreak?

A

two or more linked cases

21
Q

what is an epidemic

A

more cases in a region/country

22
Q

What is a pandemic

A

epidemics that span international boundaries

23
Q

When does influenza peak in the northern hemisphere?

A

between jan and march

24
Q

Name some previous flu pandemics

A

Spanish flu - H1N1 - avian source
Asian flu
Hong Kong flu

25
Q

What factors increase the risk of spread of pandemics?

A

more travel
more people
intensive farming - more animals in contact with people and factory farming

26
Q

What developments may prevent pandemics?

A

better nutrition
better supportive care
vaccination
antivirals

27
Q

How can avian flu be controlled?

A 
cull affected birds
quarantine
disinfect farms
vaccinate workers
antivirals for poultry workers 
PPE
28
Q

What strain was swine flu?

A

H1N1

29
Q

What was swine flu a reassortment of?

A

swine, avian and human flu virus

30
Q

What drugs is swine flu sensitive to?

A

Oseltamivir and Zanamivir

31
Q

What does the containment phase involve?

A

identification of cases
treatment of cases
contact tracing
large scale prophylaxis

32
Q

what does the Treatment phase involve?

A

treat cases only

33
Q

What age group were mostly affected by swine flu?

A

5-24 ie the under 65s

34
Q

List some infection control methods for prevention of spread of disease

A 
hand hygiene
coughing into a tissue
mask, apron, gloves
segregation of pts
reduce social contact 
environmental cleaning
35
Q

During what time period does tamiflu need to be given to have the desired effect?

A

within 24-48 hours of contact

36
Q

List some popln wide interventions to reduce the spread of flu

A 
travel restrictions 
restrictions of mass public gathering 
schools closure
voluntary home isolation
voluntary quarantine of contacts of known cases 
screening of people entering UK ports

Respiratory (12 decks)

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