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Viral Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Viruses are tiny, microscopic agents that multiply (____) the cells

A

Viruses are tiny, microscopic agents that multiply (inside) the cells

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2
Q

Viruses may remain inside a host cell after replicating without killing it and lie dormant. This action is known as the virus entering what phase?

A

The “Latent”/Inactive phase

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3
Q

Why are viruses considered “Intracellular parasites”?

A

Because they must live inside of a host cell to replicate, grow and spread

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4
Q

Most viruses are (____), meaning they attack (____) host cells

A

Most viruses are (specific), meaning they attack (specific) host cells

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5
Q

Many viruses may have a (____) coat littered with (____) spikes that trigger the (______) response

A

Many viruses may have a (lipid) coat littered with (protein) spikes that trigger the (immune) response

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6
Q

Antivirals shorten the length of a viral infection by lowering what?

A

Antivirals lower the “Viral Load”

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7
Q

What is a Viral Load?

A

Viral Load is the amount of active virus that is in the body

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8
Q

What do Antivirals do on a molecular level to prevent the spreading of a virus to other cells?

A

Antivirals block cell receptors so viruses can’t bind to host cells

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9
Q

Antivirals would be given to treat what 6 viral diseases?

A

-COVID-19
-Ebola
-Flu (H1N1 and Swine)
-Herpes
-Hepatitis B and C
-HIV

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10
Q

Viral infections like HIV, hepatitis, and herpes are chronic. Antivirals can’t eliminate the virus. So, if they cant eliminate these viruses, how does an Antiviral treat them?

A

Antivirals can make viruses enter the latent/inactive phase. This makes them become dormant in the cells. They are still there, but now they present few (if any) symptoms

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11
Q

Should a mother take Antivirals for the prevention of passing HIV is she is actively pregnant?

A

Yes, Antivirals are safe to take during pregnancy and can prevent HIV from passing to her newborn

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12
Q

How soon should you take an Antiviral to prevent risk of HIV infection (if exposure is suspected/confirmed)?

A

Within 72 hours of suspected exposure

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13
Q

How soon should you take an Antiviral to prevent a flu infection after suspected exposure?

A

Within 48 hours of suspected exposure

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14
Q

Which are easier to kill: Bacteria or Viruses? Why?

A

Bacteria, because they replicate outside of the cell, rather than inside.

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15
Q

Which part of he U.S has the greatest incidence of HIV?

A

The south

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16
Q

Sexually active gay and bisexual men may benefit from more frequent HIV testing than the general population. What is the testing frequency they should have?

A

q3-6 months

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17
Q

What is the abbreviation for the treatment of HIV?

A

ART (Anti-Retroviral Therapy)

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18
Q

Patients with HIV who take regular ART and keep an undetectably low viral load can live long, productive lives without the risk of doing what?

A

Spreading HIV to their partners through sex

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19
Q

Incidents of HIV infection is still very high in what nations?

A

African nations

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20
Q

The acute HIV phase is the (_________) phase, and the chronic phase of HIV is the (__________) phase. Luckily, ART can treat both

A

The acute HIV phase is the (symptomatic) phase, and the chronic phase of HIV is the (asymptomatic) phase. Luckily, ART can treat both

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21
Q

There are 3 stages of HIV. What are these stages?

A

1st stage: Acute symptoms (flu-like, 2-4 weeks)
2nd stage: Clinical latency symptoms (gone for years, then resurfaces with occasional fatigue, frequent night sweats, AMS)
3rd stage: AIDs development

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22
Q

How long does the Acute stage of HIV last? What are the symptoms? (Name 5)

A

2-4 weeks

Symptoms are flu-like, so people often don’t know they have HIV:
-Headache
-Fatigue
-Sore muscles
-Swollen Lymph nodes
-Fever
-Ulcers
-Rash on your abdomen that doesn’t itch

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23
Q

During the 2nd stage of HIV (Clinical Latency stage) the HIV attacks what immune cells?
What are the avg and dangerous lab value levels for this cell, and what levels should you keep them between (at minimum) in an active HIV patient?

A

HIV will attack CD-4 T-helper cells.
This will cause a decrease in T-cell counts.

Average levels are between 800-1200
Dangerous levels are >200
Keep them between 200-500

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24
Q

AIDs is the advanced stage of HIV infection that occurs when (___) cells reach what level?

A

AIDs is the advanced stage of HIV infection that occurs when (CD-4/T-helper) cells reach levels below <200

25
What 2 illnesses are considered to be the "AIDS defining" illnesses?
-Kapusi sarcoma (skin cancer) -Pneumocystis pneumonia
26
If people with AIDs develop a secondary infection, and do NOT take ART, what is their estimated lifer expectancy?
About 3 years
27
What is the therapeutic level of Viral Load in the body for an HIV patient while taking ART?
<50 copies of RNA/mL
28
What are the 4 main reasons for treatment failure in HIV/Viral therapy patients?
-Nonadherence to medication (skipping) -Patient nontolerance to Antiviral adverse effects -Emergence of resistant viral strains -The genetic variability of the individual
29
What is the best lab test for evaluating HIV disease?
CD4 count lab
30
HIV targets CD-4 receptors on T-cell lymphocytes and uses a process called (_______________) to create viral (___) from (___)
HIV targets CD-4 receptors on T-cell lymphocytes and uses a process called (Reverse transcriptase) to create viral (DNA) from (RNA)
31
The enzyme (_______) enables virions (a complete _______) to infect other T-lymphocytes
The enzyme (protease) enables virions (a complete virus) to infect other T-lymphocytes
32
What are the 5-drug classes used to treat Viral infections in Antiviral therapy?
-NRTA's -NNRTA's -Protease inhibitors -Integrase inhibitors -Entry inhibitors
33
How do these 5 Antiviral drug classes fight viral infections? -NRTA's -NNRTA's -Protease inhibitors -Integrase inhibitors -Entry inhibitors
-NRTI's (Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor) mimic DNA and block viruses -NNRTI's (Nonnucleoside RTI) Targets the enzyme needed for Reverse transcriptase -Protease inhibitors: Blocks the enzyme protease to make HIV -Integrase inhibitors: Block the integrase enzyme that puts viral DNA into human chromosomes -Entry inhibitors: Blocks viral NA from entering T-4 Lymphocytes
34
What is the NRTI prototype drug to know?
Zidovudine (Retrovir)
35
What is the MOA for Zidovudine that makes it an effective NRTI?
zidovudine tricks a virus to use IT as a nucleoside, thus creating defective DNA strand
36
An adverse effect of Zidovudine is that is can be toxic to (______) at high doses, thus causing (____) and (____)penia
An adverse effect of Zidovudine is that is can be toxic to (blood cells) at high doses, thus causing (anemia) and (neutro)penia
37
(______), nausea, and (_____) are also adverse effects of the NRTI drug, Zidovudine
(Anorexia), nausea, and (diarrhea) are also adverse effects of the NRTI drug, Zidovudine
38
Should NRTI's like Zidovudine be used in combination with other Antiviral drugs? Why or why not?
No, they should not Zidovudine and other NRTI's mixed with Antivirals can cause: -Lactic acidosis -Hepatomegaly with Steatosis (fatty liver)
39
What herbal supplement should be avoided with Zidovudine and other NRTI's?
St. John's Wart
40
What is the NNRTI drug to know?
Sustiva
41
What is the MOA for the NNRTI drug, Sustiva?
Sustiva binds directly to Reverse Transcriptase, ruining the enzymes active site
42
Unlike NRTI's (Zidovudine), the NNRTI Sustiva can be used with what?
Sustiva, like all NNRTI's, are designed to be used WITH other antiviral drugs for the best effects
43
Adverse effects of NNRTI/Sustiva are CNS related. What kind of adverse effects would you see?
Sleep disorders -Inability to concentrate -Delusions -Dizziness -Rash
44
What is the protease inhibitor drug to know?
Lopinavir with ritonavir (Kelatra) *remember the -vir*
45
Protease inhibitor Kelatra, which is the combination of (____) with (____), work to stop the HIV (_____) known as (____).
Protease inhibitor Kelatra, which is the combination of (Lopinavir) with (Ritonavir), work to stop the HIV (enzyme) known as (protease).
46
Since Kelatra is a protease inhibitor, its primary goal is to be used in conjunction with what?
Other Antivirals
47
What lab values should be monitored in a patient after giving them Protease inhibitors?
AST/ALT and bilirubin
48
What syndrome occurs in many patients taking long-term Kelatra/protease inhibitor?
Lipodystrophy syndrome
49
Kelatra can lead to negative GI effects such as?
-Nausea -Dyspepsia -Diarrhea
50
Ritonavir, a (_______) inhibitor can, when mixed with ETOH, cause mental disorders such as (________), (_______), and (_________), as well as permanent (_____) damage
Ritonavir, a (protease) inhibitor can, when mixed with ETOH, cause mental disorders such as (confusion), (anxiety), and (depression), as well as permanent (brain) damage
51
Acyclovir (Zovirax) is an antiviral drug used for the tx of what?
Herpes, and ONLY herpes
52
True or False: When taken prophylactically, Acyclovir cures Herpes virus infection
False Acyclovir cannot "cure" herpes", but makes it enter its Latency phase
53
Acyclovir should be administered around the (____), even if (____) is interrupted. Take Acyclovir with (____).
Acyclovir should be administered around the (clock), even if (sleep) is interrupted. Take Acyclovir with (food).
54
When Acyclovir is given IV, what may occur during infusion?
Painful inflammation of the vessels at the infusion site
55
Diabetes Mellitus, Gout, and GERD are all serious side effects of using what Antiviral medication?
Acyclovir (Zovirax)
56
How do you monitor for viral load in a patient with HIV?
Monitor plasma HIV RNA assays and CD-4 counts
57
Use NRTI/NNRTI/PTI and all antiviral drugs with extreme caution with pre-existing (____) or (____) disease
Use NRTI/NNRTI/PTI and all antiviral drugs with extreme caution with pre-existing (renal) or (hepatic) disease
58
When doing Antiviral therapy, Assess for (____-______) suppression, (____) toxicity, and (____-____) syndrome
When doing Antiviral therapy, Assess for (bone-marrow) suppression, (liver) toxicity, and (Stevens-Johnson) syndrome

Pharm 2 (4 decks)

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