Bacterial Infections Flashcards by Kenneth Morgan

Pathogens cause disease in 2 ways: Invasiveness and the production of (____).

Invasiveness is (____) rapidly to (____) and cause damage

Pathogens cause disease in 2 ways: Invasiveness and the production of (toxins).

Invasiveness is (dividing) rapidly to (overcome) and cause damage

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“Pathogenicity” refers to an organism’s ability to do what?

Pathogenicity is the ability of an organism to cause an infection

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The “Virulence” or an organism refers to the ability to do what?

Virulence is the ability to cause a disease

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Here are a few bacteria shapes: Spirilla, Bacilli, Cocci.

What do these bacterial shapes look like?

Bacilli is rod shaped
Cocci is sphere shaped
Spirilla is spiral shaped

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Bacteria that require O2 to exist and grow with it are called what type of bacteria?

Bacteria that do NOT require O2 and can exist in an environment without it are called what?

Bacteria that grow WITH O2 are Aerobic

Bacteria that grow WITHOUT O2 are Anaerobic

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If a bacteria’s cell walls are thick, will they be gram negative or gram positive? What will their color be after gram staining?

Thick bacterial cell walls are gram-positive and will be purple/violet after gram staining

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If a bacteria’s cell walls are thin, will they be gram negative or gram positive? What will their color be after gram staining?

Thin bacterial cell walls are gram-negative and will be pink/red or just not purple after gram staining

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Antibiotics and Bactericidal agents both (____) bacteria. Bacteriostatic agents, however, (____) the (____) of bacteria by inhibiting (____) synthesis

Antibiotics and Bactericidal agents both (kill) bacteria. Bacteriostatic agents, however, (slow/inhibit) the (growth) of bacteria by inhibiting (protein) synthesis

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Since bacteriostatic agents work to (____) the (____) of bacteria by inhibiting (____) synthesis, what do bacteriostatic antimicrobials require to work effectively?

Since bacteriostatic agents work to (slow) the (growth) of bacteria by inhibiting (protein) synthesis, bacteriostatic antimicrobials require a functioning immune system to work with them to help kill a disease

Therefore, bacteriostatic are contraindicated in immunosuppressed pt’s

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“Acquired resistance” occurs when a pathogen has managed to do what?

Acquired resistance occurs when a pathogen has developed a gene that can survive longer or grow faster than the original pathogen

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“Acquired resistance” occurs through what?

Maturation of a pathogen

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In Acquired resistance, an ABx will destroy all SENSITIVE bacteria, while the INCENSITIVE bacteria do what?

The insensitive bacteria that were not destroyed by the ABx will remain and multiply without competition, and will have resistance to the Abx

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When would the prophylactic use of ABx be appropriate?

Cardiac patients with prosthetic heart valves before surgery, or patients with heart valves before a dental procedure

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What is a super infection?

A super infection is a secondary infection that occurs when an Abx kills off too many host flora, and an opportunistic pathogen causes an infection

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What are some signs and symptoms of a super infection?

-Diarrhea
-Bladder pain
-Painful urination
-Vaginal discharge

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What is the Penicillin method of action for killing bacteria?

Penicillin kills bacteria by binding to cell walls of bacteria, and letting water/fluid enter the cells

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Penicillin works best of what type of “gram” bacteria?

Penicillin works best on gram-positive bacteria with thick cell walls

“Positive-Penicillin like’s their walls thick”

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Penicillin is among the safest ABX, but because it is one of the safest, what is a drawback to penicillin’s effects?

Since penicillin is among the safest of ABx to use, bacteria can more easily develop a resistance to it.

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What kind of effect can penicillin have on the RBC’s and Platelets?

Penicillin can lower RBC counts and Platelet counts

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What is the Penicillin drug of choice?

penicillin G

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Penicillin G is great at fighting Cocci microbes. What types of Cocci microbes is Penicillin G good at fighting?

And what STD’s can Penicillin G fight?

Streptococci
Staphylococci
Pneumococci

STD’s: Gonorrhea and Syphilis

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Penicillin G has a low oral absorption rate, therefore, what administration route will Penicillin G be given?

IV or IM

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What protocol is especially important for a nurse to follow after administering PG on a patient?

Wait for 30 minutes to observe for an allergic reaction

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PG is excreted extensively by the (____). So, which patients should exercise caution when taking PG?

PG is excreted extensively by the (kidneys). So, patients with renal disease or renal impairments should use caution

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PG should NOT be mixed with Potassium sparring diuretics. Why?

Penicillin G mixed with potassium sparing diuretics can cause hyperkalemia due to PG containing potassium

Due to the potassium electrolyte effects of PG, what should be monitored in a patient taking PG?

Monitor pulse and EKG results in a patient taking PG

There are "Broad" spectrum ABx drugs and "Narrow" spectrum ABx drugs. What is the difference between the two?

Broad spectrum deals with a great deal of pathogens and infections "in general" and tend to be 'weaker" than narrow. Narrow spectrum are specific to singular or more "narrow" amounts of pathogens, and tend to be more powerful than broad spectrum

Is PG broad spectrum or narrow spectrum?

Broad spectrum

Is Cephalosporin broad spectrum or narrow spectrum? Which cell walls do they target?

Broad spectrum Cephalosporins target thin-walled gram-negative bacteria

Cefazolin is the name of the prototype drug of which ABx class?

Cefazolin is a Cephalosporin

Cephalosporins are similar to Penicillin in that they both bind to bacterial cell walls. But while penicillin allows water to enter a bacterial cell, Cephalosporins bind to cell walls to do what?

Cephalosporins, like Cefazolin, bind to the cell walls to inhibit cell wall synthesis

The primary use of Cephalosporins is to treat serious infections of which bodily tract?

Cephalosporin treats the lower respiratory tract

Is Cefazolin (Kefzol/Ancef) a good drug to fight MRSA? (Methicillin-Resistant-Staphylococcus-Aureus)

No, Cefazolin is not good for the tx of MRSA

How is Cefazolin administered?

Cefazolin is administered through an IM shot

If Cefazolin safe for pregnancy?

Yes, it is category B

Like Penicillin, Cephalosporins have an extensive effect of secretion from the kidneys. So, what patients should avoid using cephalosporins?

Pt's with Renal disease and urinary issues

Cephalosporin can be Nephrotoxic if taken with what two drugs?

Vancomycin and Aminoglycosides

Tetracycline is a (____) range ABx that is good against which type of gram bacteria?

Tetracycline is a (broad) range ABx that is good against BOTH gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria

Tetracycline's are the ABx treatment of choice for which 4 infections?

-Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever -Lyme disease -Chlamydia -Peptic Ulcers

Unlike Cyclosporine's, Tetracyclines are effective in fighting what bacteria strain?

MRSA Methicillin Resistance Staphylococcus Aureus

What Abx drug class is Sumycin?

Tetracycline

Sumycin (Tetracycline) use has increased due to its effectiveness in eradicating H. Pylori. Since it is effective in killing H. pylori, what disease would Sumycin be used to treat?

Peptic Ulcer Disease, because H. Pylori causes PUD

Both topical and oral preparations of tetracycline are available for the use of teens for the tx of what?

Acne

Which of these products do NOT decrease the effectiveness of tetracycline (Sumycin) and are fine to take with it? -Milk -Iron supplements -Antacids -Mg containing laxatives

None, all of these decrease the effectiveness of tetracycline

Tetracycline has increased effects on the liver and kidneys. Because of this, what lab values would you monitor to assess for changes?

BUN, AST/ALT, bilirubin, Amylase

Is tetracycline safe to take during pregnancy?

No, its contraindicated

Tetracycline, cephalosporin, and penicillin drugs all have an effect on which bodily system?

The GI system

Tetracycline can cause (___) sensitivity and a decolorization of the (____)

Tetracycline can cause (Photo) sensitivity and a decolorization of the (teeth)

Since Tetracycline can cause (____) discoloration, how should a patient take it?

Since Tetracycline can cause (tooth) discoloration, a patient should take it with a straw

Macrolide inhibits (____) synthesis by binding to the bacterial (____). They are effective against (___________) and (___________) bacteria

Macrolide inhibits (protein) synthesis by binding to the bacterial (ribosome). They are effective against (gram-positive) and (gram-negative) bacteria

What are 2 primary uses for Macrolide?

Treating whooping cough and legionnaires disease

Macrolide has adverse GI effects. Name 4 negative s/s associated with Macrolide

-Abdominal cramping -Vomiting -Diarrhea -Nausea

Erythromycin is the prototype drug of what ABx class?

Macrolide

Erythromycin is a good substitute for another ABx if the patient is unable to take it. Which other ABx is this?

Erythromycin is a good substitute for Penicillin

Can Erythromycin be taken with fruit juice? Explain how erythromycin should be taken

Erythromycin should NOT be taken with fruit juice Erythromycin should be taken on an empty stomach with a full glass of water

Which 4 drug classes should NOT be taken with Erythromycin?

-Antifungals -Anticoagulants (warfarin) -Anticonvulsants -Anesthetics

Notify a physician immediately if a patient reports what 2 symptoms while taking erythromycin?

Hearing loss and vertigo

The MOA of Aminoglycosides is that they inhibit bacterial (____) synthesis

The MOA of Aminoglycosides is that they inhibit bacterial (protein) synthesis

The primary use for Aminoglycosides is for the tx of serious (____) infections caused by what type of bacteria?

The primary use for Aminoglycosides is for the tx of serious (systemic) infections caused by Aerobic gram-negative bacteria

Aminoglycosides have serious systemic side effects as opposed to other Abx's. Why is this?

Aminoglycosides are more serious forms of Abx treatment, and thus are more toxic to kill off stronger bacteria strains Aminoglycosides are the "heavy hitters"

Gentamicin is the prototype drug for which ABx class?

Aminoglycosides

Can Gentamycin be taken enterally?

Fluoroquinolone stops bacterial (____) synthesis

Fluoroquinolone stops bacterial (DNA) synthesis

Is Fluoroquinolone safe to take during pregnancy?

No, it is a pregnancy category C

Cipro/Ciprofloxacin is the prototype drug for which ABx category?

Fluoroquinolone

You can take Cipro with an antacid or ferrous sulfate so long as you administer Cipro for how many hours before?

4 hours before taking antacids or ferrous sulfate

Why should you stop taking Cipro if you experience pain and inflammation of a tendon?

Because Cipro can cause tendon ruptures

Cipro taken with what drug will cause increased anticoagulant effects (increased bleeding)?

Warfarin

If caffeine safe to take with Cipro (Fluoroquinolone)?

No, caffeine should be avoided

Taking Cipro can cause GI side effects (like so many other ABx's), how can you lower the possibility of negative GI symptoms?

Taking Cipro with food will lower negative GI symptoms

Sulfonamides suppress bacterial growth by inhibit bacterial synthesis of what?

Folic acid

The primary use of Sulfonamides is to treat (___)'s, and acute episodes of (___) (____), but an adverse reaction of Sulfonamides is the formation of (____) in the urine

The primary use of Sulfonamides is to treat (UIT)'s, and acute episodes of (chronic) (bronchitis), but an adverse reaction is the formation of (crystals) in the urine

How are sulfonamides taken by the patient?

IV and PO

Agranulocytosis, acute hemolytic anemia, and aplastic anemia are all complications of which ABx?

Sulfonamides

What patient side effects can indicate ototoxicity?

Ringing, humming, or buzzing in the ears combined with vertigo

For a patient taking an ABx, a development of a low-grade fever, sore throat, rashes, or bruising is cause for concern, because these may indicate what?

A blood disorder