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Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

An immunomodulator can either (____) or (____) bodily defenses for a specific pathogen, or (____) cell

A

An immunomodulator can either (stimulate) or (suppress) bodily defenses for a specific pathogen, or (cancer) cell

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2
Q

What is a type of immunosuppressant that is used to treat Leukemia and GI tumors?

A

Monoclonal antibodies

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3
Q

Innate, non-specific body defenses are defenses against disease that everyone has. What are 4 examples of innate, non-specific defenses?

A

-Skin
-Phagocytes
-NK cells
-Interferons

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4
Q

The compliment system, fever, and inflammation are examples of what type of bodily immune defense?

A

Innate, non-specific

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5
Q

A complex system of over (__) proteins that eliminate (____) organisms is known as the what?

A

A complex system of over (30) proteins that eliminate (infectious) organisms is known as the Compliment system

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6
Q

The compliment system uses (_________) cells to kill microbes using (____). This action causes (________) of surrounding tissues.

A

The compliment system uses (Phagocyte) cells to kill microbes using (lysis). This action causes (inflammation) of surrounding tissues.

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7
Q

The adaptive (specific) bodily defenses are known as what response?

A

The immune response

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8
Q

What are the two major divisions of the immune system?

A

-The Antibody mediated (Humoral)
-The Cell mediated

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9
Q

Unlike innate, non-specific defenses, adaptive specific defenses are not the same for everyone. Why is that?

A

Because in order to get a specific defense, you have to have come into contact with a specific disease, and not everyone will do that.

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10
Q

Immunity responses are carried out by which two types of cells?

A

Lymphocytes and Macrophages

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11
Q

What is the immune response “triggered” by?

A

Initial exposure to Antigens

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12
Q

Of the adaptive specific immune cells, which are the ones that create the inflammatory response?

A

Cytokines

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13
Q

The Humoral, aka the (_______) mediated response, is activated when an antigen encounters a (__)-cell. This cell then divides and becomes a (____) cell and secretes (________)

A

The Humoral response, aka the (antibody) mediated response, is activated when an antigen encounters a (B)-cell. This cell then divides and becomes a (Plasma) cell and secretes (Antibodies)

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14
Q

What are antibodies also known as?

A

Immunoglobulins

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15
Q

How do antibodies (IG’s) function in the immune response?

A

Antibodies attach to the foreign cells and mark them for death

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16
Q

Memory B-cells can speed a future defense against a specific antigen by (_____) days

A

Memory B-cells can speed a future defense against a specific antigen by (2-3) days

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17
Q

Cell-mediated immunity involves the activation of which 2 cell types?

A

CD4/T-4 Helper cells
and
CD-8/Cytotoxic T-cells

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18
Q

What is the difference in response between a CD-4/T-4 helper cell, and a CD-8/Cytotoxic T-cell?

A

T4 helper cells activate OTHER immune cells to kill invading pathogens

Cytotoxic T-cells travel throughout the body and kill the cells marked by the antibodies

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19
Q

Which cells secrete Cytokines?

A

T-cells

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20
Q

Cytokines are responsible for regulating the intensity and duration of the immune response. What are 2 cell types that are cytokines?

A

Interferons and Interleukins are Cytokines

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21
Q

In ACTIVE immunity, the immune system is stimulated to make what?

A

Antibodies

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22
Q

An individual with leukemia is immunosuppressed due to chemotherapy and becomes exposed to varicella. That individual should be given what immunity treatment before they develop symptoms?

A

IG (Immunoglobulins)

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23
Q

Unlike vaccines, passive immunity like Immunoglobulins and immune therapy do not create what in a patient?

A

Immunological memory

24
Q

The HBV, aka Engerix-B/Recombivax vaccine, is only effective in the treatment of what?

A

Hepatitis B

It will not fight any other Hepatitis

25
How is the HBV administered?
3 IM shots in the deltoid (over time)
26
What effects will immunosuppressants have on the HBV?
Immunosuppressants taken with HBV will decrease the effectiveness of HBV
27
Patients with a hypersensitivity to what should not take HBV?
Yeast
28
Should the HBV be given to pregnant women or women who are lactating?
No
29
For serious adverse reactions to the HBV, what should be kept readily available for use on a patient?
Epinephrine
30
What are 4 serious side effects (excluding anaphylaxis) to the HBV that require immediate intervention?
-Fever over 101F/38.3C -Decreased level of consciousness -Tachycardia -Dyspnea
31
Is it safe to give to patients who are experiencing a fever? What about for patients taking a corticosteroid?
No to both.
32
What is the typical half-life for an IVIG?
3-4 weeks
33
The 2 immunostimulant drug classes are what? (start with I's)
Interferons and Interleukins
34
An Interferon is a Cytokine that is released by a (_____) that has been infected by a (____). These then attach to other cells and tell them to make (____) that protect them from the invading virus
An Interferon is a Cytokine that is released by a (Lymphocyte) that has been infected by a (virus). These then attach to other cells and tell them to make (proteins) that protect them from the invading virus
35
In video game terms, Interferons are like (______) buffs
In video game terms, Interferons are like (armor) buffs
36
What are the names of the 2 types of interferons?
Alpha interferons and Beta interferons
37
What 4 diseases do Alpha interferons mainly fight? What 2 diseases do Beta interferons fight?
Alpha's fight: -Leukemia -AIDS -Hepatitis B -Hepatitis C Betas fight: -Multiple Sclerosis -Osteoperosis
38
Fever, chills, dizziness, and fatigue occur in (__) % of patients who take what?
Fever, chills, dizziness, and fatigue occur in (50) % of patients who take Interferons
39
Interferons may need to be discontinued if a patient experiences what 2 neurological symptoms?
Depression and suicidal ideation
40
Although Alpha Interferons are good for the tx of Hepatitis B and C, you should not give Interferons to a patient with what type of hepatitis?
Autoimmune hepatitis
41
Interferons are given through 3 routes. Which ones?
IM, IV, or Subcutaneously (rarely) NEVER PO
42
What can Interleukins do to a patient immediately?
Perk them right up, like giving water to a plant
43
Interleukins have widespread effects on the immune system. List at least 3 of them.
-Stimulate cytotoxic T-cells -Increase production of B-cells -Promote inflammation -Stimulate platelet production in immunosuppressed patients
44
In an acute Humoral response to a transplanted organ (rejection) what immune response occurs?
Antigens on the transplanted organ trigger antibodies to destroy the organ/tissue within a couple days
45
How long does to take for a cell-mediated response to destroy a transplanted organ/tissue, as opposed to a Humoral response?
2 weeks after surgery
46
Immunosuppressants SUPPRESS the immune system (obviously). What kind of diseases would ever necessitate the use of an immunosuppressant?
An autoimmune disease like rheumatoid arthritis or chrones disease. As well as preventing autoimmune reactions to a transplanted organ/tissue
47
What can an immunosuppressant be toxic towards in the skeletal system?
Bone Marrow
48
Give 4 examples of patients who should NOT receive immunosuppressants
-Leukemia patients -Patients actively fighting infection -Pt's with renal/liver disease -Pregnant patients
49
Corticosteroids, like Prednisone, are immunosuppressants that are used for the suppression of what?
The suppression of inflammation
50
What drug class inhibits WBC/Lymphocyte replication?
Antimetabolites
51
Rapamune and Imuran are brand drug examples of what drug class?
Antimetabolites
52
Calcineurin inhibitors (an immunosuppressant) bind to T-cells to disrupt Calcineurin. What is the generic drug for this class?
Cyclosporine
53
Cyclosporine is a Calcineurin inhibitor that inhibits (____) cells and is less toxic to (______________)
Cyclosporine is a Calcineurin inhibitor that inhibits (T-helper) cells and is less toxic to (Bone Marrow)
54
What should you not drink with Cyclosporine?
Fruit juice
55
IF a drug has an "-ab" as a suffix, like in the names Infliximab, or Basiliximab, you can be sure that these drugs are what?
Antibody drugs

Pharm 2 (4 decks)

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