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Viral Families Flashcards

1
Q

T/F - most DNA families are species specific

A

True

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2
Q

Which DNA virus is the exception to the ‘species specific’ rule

A

Pseudorabies

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3
Q

How is herpes transmitted

A

Direct close contact

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4
Q

Hallmark trait of herpes

A

Latency All animals infected for life

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5
Q

Diagnostics for herpes

A

1) Intranuclear inclusion bodies
2) Synctia in tissues
3) Serology
4) Viral isolation
* Sometimes*
- EM
- PCR

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6
Q

Are there herpes vaccines?

A

Yes - but they protect against clinical disease not infection

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7
Q

T/F - Poxviridae is zoonotic

A

True - most Pox viruses are species specific, but cowpox can infect humans

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8
Q

Which enveloped DNA virus is very resilient in the environment

A

Poxviridae. Can live for months in dried scabs and be transmitted by vectors

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9
Q

Transmission poxviridae

A

Dried scabs

Vectors (lice)

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10
Q

Where does poxviridae replicate

A

Cytoplasm - exception to the DNA virus in nucleus rule

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11
Q

Diagnostics for Poxviridae

A
  1. The lesion - usually seeing it is diagnostic alone. Seen on skin, mucosa (esophagus in chickens)
  2. PCR/EM can be used to confirm
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12
Q

Your client is concerned about Poxviridae outbreaks at his farm. He asks if there is a vaccine. What advice do you give him on control?

A
  1. Good hygiene can prevent outbreaks
  2. If you have an outbreak, vaccinations are available and would be recommended given how long the virus persists in environment
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13
Q

A cat comes in with a lesion on their eye. Which virus family commonly causes occular lesions?

A

Herpesviridae

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14
Q

Which virus causes these lesions

A

Poxviridae

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15
Q

What’s a unique feature of Adenoviridae

A

Penton fibers –> very resistant in environment but also easy to disinfect

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16
Q

Which DNA viral family is a frequent cause of hepatitis in dogs and humans

A

Adenoviridae

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17
Q

Clinical signs of Adenoviridae

A

1. Respiratory

  1. Hepatitis
  2. Decline egg production
  3. Death
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18
Q

Diagnosis adenoviridae

A
  1. PCR
  2. Serology - not ideal because its very common, likely already have antibodies
  3. HI
  4. Viral isolation (last resort)
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19
Q

Vaccine for adenoviridae

A

Available

Used for egg drop syndrome and CAV

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20
Q

Which viral families have intranuclear inclusion bodies

A
  1. Herpes
  2. Adeno
  3. Circo
  4. Parvo
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21
Q

You are looking at viral sample with EM. You notice intranuclear inclusion bodies that have formed large paracrystalline arrays of viral particles. Which family does this?

A

Adenoviridae

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22
Q

Main source of a wart is….

A

…. another wart! (direct transmission)

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23
Q

T/F - Papovaviridae is a naked virus and therefore can be transmitted by indirect contact

A

False - it is naked by direct contact is usually required

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24
Q

Diagnostics for papovaviridae

A
  1. The wart!
  2. EM/PCR - PCR can be negative, but its still a wart
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25
Q

T/F Papillomaviruses can be cultured for diagnostic purposes

A

False - cannot be cultured!

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26
Q

Vaccination options for Papovaviridae

A

Vaccines exist but there are so many types you cant protect against them all

Autovaccines are often used: take sample of wart and make vaccine for that specific viral strain

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27
Q

Your patient has these lesions. What do you immediately suspsect

A

Papovaviridae

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28
Q

T/F - circoviridae is very stable in the environment

A

True! Persists in environment and is shed tons

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29
Q

Diagnosis of Circoviridae

A
  1. Clinical signs (with stress, malnourishment, co-infections)
  2. Histopath: inclusion bodies
  3. PCR
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30
Q

Is there a vaccine for circoviridae

A

Not really (too many strains)

Exception: chicken anemia (protects against disease, not infection)

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31
Q

What causes this

A

Circoviridae - Chicken Anemia

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32
Q

What type of cells do parvoviruses love

A

Dividing cells –> neonatal cells, bone marrow/intestines (adults)

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33
Q

Clinical signs of parvo

A

Kittens: ataxia

Dogs: vomiting, diarrhea

Swine: SMEDI

All species: panleukopenia

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34
Q

T/F - Serology is useful for diagnosis Parvo

A

False - takes too long, animal will be dead

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35
Q

Best way to diagnose parvo

A

PCR

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36
Q

Whats the vaccine protocol for Parvo

A

Vaccines exist - timing and boosters are crucial to prevent maternal antibody interference

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37
Q

T/F - Asfarviridae is exotic to US

A

True

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38
Q

You are examining viral infected cells and notic paracrystalline arrays in the cytoplasm. What do you suspect?

A

Asfaviridae

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39
Q

Reservoirs and vectors of Asfarviridae. Which species does it affect?

A

Soft ticks are reservoirs and vectors

Asymptomatic: warthogs

Clinical disease: domestic pigs

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40
Q

What does Asfarviridae cause? Which species does Asfarviridae affect?

A

African swine fever virus

Warthogs: asymptomatic

Domestic pigs: pathogenic

41
Q

Which species does Coronaviridae affect

A

Everyone! Incl humans

42
Q

T/F Coronaviridae can evolve quickly and jump secies

43
Q

Clinical signs of coronaviridae

A

Respiratory and GI disease

Many species can also affect CNS and repro sytsem

44
Q

How are coronaviruses shed

A

Direct contact

Respiratory droplets

Feces

45
Q

Which species are believed to be carriers of coronaviridae

A

Cats

Poultry

46
Q

Your client is a dog breeder and is concerned about coronaviridae in the upcoming litter. Whats the vaccination protocol?

A

Vaccines arent always effective – its better to vaccinate the dam so she will pass antibodies to young then to vaccinate the young.

IgA more effective for local immunity than IgG (get IgA from dam)

47
Q

Transmission of retroviridae

A

Close contact: sexual, transfusions, saliva, milk

48
Q

Can retroviridae have vertical transmission

A

Yes its possible

49
Q

Are retroviruses oncogenic

A

Yes, all except Lentivirus (HIV)

50
Q

Are there vaccines for retroviridae?

A

Only for feline leukemia

51
Q

Diagnosis of retroviruses

A
  • PCR (to detect provirus)
  • Antibody ELISA
52
Q

T/F all retroviral infections are for life

A

True - either chronic or latent

53
Q

T/F - Genetic reassortment is common with Reoviridae

A

True due to segmented genome

54
Q

T/F - some reoviridae viruses are arboviruses

A

True - Orbiviruses are arboviruses (transmitted by insect vector)

55
Q

What do members of Reoviridae family cause

A

Orbivirus: serious systemic disease (large animals)

Rotavirus: diarrhea in many spp (low mortality)

56
Q

T/F Reoviridae is zoonotic

A

NO, even if they belong to same group as human rotaviruses!

57
Q

T/F - serology is effective for diagnosing rotaviruses

A

False - because they are so common

58
Q

Diagnostics for Reoviridae

A
  • RT-PCR
  • EM
  • Antigen ELISA
  • IF
59
Q

Are there vaccines for Reoviridae

A

Yes - vaccinate for Orbivirus and vaccinate dam for Rotavirus

60
Q

Two important members of Flaviviridae

A

Pestiviruses - persistently infected immunotolerant aniamls

Flaviviruses - encephalitis in horses and humans

61
Q

Which RNA viruses are Arboviruses

A

Orbivirus (Reoviridae)

Flavivirus (Flaviviridae)

Togaviridae

Bunyaviridae

62
Q

Diagnostics for Flaviviridae

A
  1. RT-PCR
  2. IF
  3. Viral isolation
    * Serology can detect antibodies but Pestivirus immunotolerant animals will be missed!*
63
Q

What do pestiviruses cause

A

(Flaviviridae)

Abortions, repro issues

64
Q

Are there vaccines for Flaviviridae

65
Q

Which viral family forms syncytiums and intracytoplasmatic and intranuclear inclusion bodies

A

Paramyxoviridae

66
Q

Disease caused by Paramyxoviridae

A

Most genuses: respiratory

Morbilliviruses: severe systemic disease (distemper)

67
Q

T/F there are vaccines for all Paramyxoviridae viruses

68
Q

Which family causes influenza

A

Orthomyxoviridae

69
Q

Why are influenzas so effective at mutating

A

Orthomyxoviridae viruses have segmented genomes

70
Q

Whats on the envelope of Orthomyxoviridae?

A

Peplomers:

  • HA (hemagglutinin)

- NA (neuroaminidase)

Important for typing, diagnostics, and medication targgets

71
Q

T/F - horses can get foot and mouth disease

A

False - are refractory

72
Q

Can picornaviridae be zoonotic

73
Q

Diagnostics for Picornaviridae

A

Antigen ELISA

RT-PCR

74
Q

Are there vaccines for foot and mouth

A

Yes but high mutation rates require constant vaccine development

Vaccines arent applied in FMD-free countries

75
Q

Rabies belongs in which family

A

Rhabdoviridae

76
Q

Whch family has Negri bodies

A

Rhabdoviridae

77
Q

T/F - Rabies mutates often

A

False! It hides from immune system in nerves so doesnt need to mutate

78
Q

Gold standard diagnostic for Rhabdoviridae

A

DFA (direct fluorescent antibody test)

79
Q

T/F - rabies is sometimes diagnosed with serology

A

FALSE - takes too long

80
Q

Are there vaccines for Rhabdoviridae

82
Q

Does genetic reassortment occur with Bunyaviridae

A

Yes - segmented genome

83
Q

Are there vaccines for Bunyaviridae

84
Q

What do Calciviridae cause

A

Enteritis and respiratory disease

99% cats its respiratory disease!

85
Q

Vaccines for calciviridae

86
Q

What do Arteriviridae cause

A

Respiratory disease, abortions (horses, pigs)

87
Q

Are vaccines available for Arteriviridae

88
Q

Which RNA viral family has a bi-segmented genome

A

Birnaviridae

89
Q

Transmission Birnaviridae

A

Very resistant in environment

Fecal-oral

Direct/indirect

90
Q

Reservoirs of Togaviridae

A

Birds – amplify virus

91
Q

Which families causes encephalitis viruses

A

Togaviridae

Flaviviridae

92
Q

Dead-end host of Togaviridae

A

Horses, humans

93
Q

Which RNA viral family has intranuclear inclusion bodies

A

Bornaviridae

94
Q

T/F - Bornaviridae is everywhere, in all species

95
Q

T/F - Bornaviridae is zoonotic

96
Q

Is there a vaccine for Bornaviridae

97
Q

T/F - Bornaviridae affects horses and humans for life

Virology (10 decks)

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