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Systems: Reproduction AB > Violence Against Women > Flashcards

Violence Against Women Flashcards

1
Q

What is Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)?

A

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) comprises all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for cultural or non-medical reasons

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2
Q

What is type 1 FGM?

A

Clithoridectomy

-Partial or total removal of the clitoris and, in very rare cases, only the prepuce

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3
Q

What is type 2 FGM?

A

Excision

-Partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora, with or without excision of the labia majora

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4
Q

What is type 3 FGM?

A

Infibulation

  • Narrowing of the vaginal opening through the creation of a covering seal. The seal is formed by cutting and repositioning the inner, or outer, labia, with or without removal of the clitoris.
  • Sometimes referred to as Pharaonic circumcision.
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5
Q

What is type 4 FGM?

A

Other
-All other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes, e.g. pricking, piercing, incising, scraping and cauterising the genital area.

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6
Q

What is de-infubulation?

A
  • Sometimes known as or referred to as deinfibulation or defibulation or FGM reversal
  • The surgical procedure to open up the closed vagina of FGM type 3. (for example for birth)
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7
Q

What is re-infubulation?

A
  • Sometimes known as or referred to as reinfibulation or re-suturing
  • The re-stitching of FGM type 3 to re-close the vagina again after childbirth
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8
Q

What other terms are there for FGM?

A
  • Female circumcision
  • Cutting
  • Sunna
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9
Q

What justifications do people use for FGM?

A
  • Preservation of virginity and chastity
  • Religion, in the mistaken belief that it is a religious requirement
  • Social acceptance
  • Fear of social exclusion
  • To ensure the girl is marriageable or to improve marriage prospect
  • Hygiene and cleanliness
  • Increasing sexual pleasure for the male
  • Family honour
  • Enhancing fertility
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10
Q

When is FGM usually carried out?

A
  • FGM is mostly carried out on young girls sometime between birth and age 15, and occasionally on adult women.
  • Most commonly between 4 and 10 years old
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11
Q

Who performs the cutting?

A
  • Traditional cutters or circumcisers
  • Healthcare workers
  • Members of secret societies
  • Barbers
  • Herbalists
  • Relatives
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12
Q

How many people have been affected by FGM?

A
  • At least 200 million worldwide
  • Approximately 3 million performed per year
  • 137,000 thought to have been cut in England and Wales
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13
Q

What are the short-term complications of FGM?

A
  • Severe pain and shock
  • Infection
  • Injury to adjacent tissues
  • Sprains, dislocations, broken bones or internal injuries from being restrained
  • Immediate fatal haemorrhaging
  • Infection by blood borne virus
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14
Q

What are the long term complications form FGM?

A
  • Urine retention and difficulties in menstruation
  • Uterine, vaginal and pelvic infections
  • Cysts and neuromas
  • Complications in pregnancy and childbirth
  • Increased risk of fistula
  • On-going impact of trauma / PTSD
  • Sexual dysfunction
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15
Q

What are the possible social implications of FGM?

A
  • Psycho-sexual and psychological issues
  • Estrangement from parent and family
  • Relationship and marriage breakdown
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16
Q

What are the psychological effects of FGM?

A
  • Post traumatic symptoms
  • Anxiety
  • Depression
  • Fear of Intimacy
  • Loss of Trust
  • Unresolved Anger
  • Nightmares
  • Flashbacks – especially associated with sexual intercourse and childbirth
17
Q

What Act criminalised FGM in the Scotland?

A

Prohibition of Female Genital Mutilation (Scotland) Act 2005

18
Q

What are the risk factors for FGM?

A

-Mother had FGM
-Older sister or cousins had FGM
-Parents requested rei-infibulation following delivery
Parents express views favouring practice
-Girl is withdrawn from teaching on personal, social or health education

19
Q

What are the signs that a girl is in imminent risk of FGM?

A
  • Withdrawn from school for extended trip of long trip planned during holidays
  • Visit from a family elder (particularly from abroad)
  • Girl talking about something happening or a big party, or she is becoming a women
  • If forced marriage is suspected
20
Q

What is the national guidance for child protection in Scotland (2014)?

A
  • Female genital mutilation should always be seen as a cause of significant harm and normal child protection procedures should be invoked
  • Where a child or young person within a family has already been subjected to female genital mutilation, consideration must be given to other female siblings or close relatives who may also be at risk.
  • Local guidelines should be in place to ensure a coordinated response from all agencies and highlight the issue for all staff who may come into contact with children who are at risk from female genital mutilation
21
Q

What are the key documents with regard to FGM?

A

-Scotland’s National Action Plan –to prevent and eradicate Female Genital Mutilation.
Scottish Government 2016
-Tackling Female Genital Mutilation in Scotland. A S
Scottish model of intervention. Scottish Refugee Council and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 2014

22
Q

How can support be accessed?

A
  • Health services can provide support and treatment.
  • Women can access the help they need by speaking to their doctor, health visitor or midwife or can attend a sexual health clinic.
  • Support will be offered in relation to trauma / emotional impact, as well as in relation to any physical treatment.

Systems: Reproduction AB (35 decks)

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